Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of play-based learning on teacher satisfaction, stress levels, and collaborative learning among primary education learners. Employing a descriptive survey design, the study sampled 200 early childhood education practitioners in Ilorin South Local Government Area, Kwara State, Nigeria, selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using a validated instrument—the "Questionnaire on Play-Based Learning, Teacher Satisfaction, Stress, and Student Collaboration in the Classroom" (QPBLTSSSC), with a reliability coefficient of .81. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze responses related to play-based learning's impact on teachers' job satisfaction, stress reduction, collaborative learning, and child development. The findings revealed that play-based learning significantly enhanced teacher satisfaction and reduced stress by promoting enjoyment, fulfilment, and a relaxed teaching atmosphere. It also fostered collaborative learning by improving teamwork, peer interaction, and inclusive learning environments. Moreover, play-based pedagogy significantly contributed to children's cognitive, language, problem-solving, motor, and socio-emotional development. These outcomes underscore the critical value of integrating play-based methods into early childhood curricula. The study recommends professional development programs that emphasize both guided and free play strategies, as well as public awareness of home-based play practices and stress-reduction training for educators, to support holistic child development and teacher well-being.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC 4.0, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the authors' work non-commercially, and although the others' new works must also acknowledge the authors and be non-commercial, they do not have to license their derivative works on the same terms.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). In other words, authors can archive pre-print (submitted version), post-print (accepted version), and publisher's version/PDF.
References
- Alam, M. J. (2022). Influence of Play-based Learning in Early Childhood Education (ECE)
- in Bangladesh: Lessons from Japan. Pacific Early Childhood Education Research Association, 16(2), 203–229. https://doi.org/10.17206/apjrece.2022.16.2.203
- Ansari, J. A. N., & Khan, N. A. (2020). Exploring the role of social media in collaborative
- learning, the new domain of learning. Smart Learning Environments, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-020-00118-7
- Arends, F., Winnaar, L., & Mosimege, M. (2017). Teacher classroom practices and
- Mathematics performance in South African schools: A reflection on TIMSS 2011. South African Journal of Education, 37(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n3a1362
- Baker, M., & Ryan, J. (2021). Playful provocations and playful mindsets: Teacher learning
- and identity shifts through playful, participatory research. International Journal of Play, pp. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21594937.2021.1878770
- Blucher, M., Aspden, K., & Jackson, J. (2018). Play-based learning in an Aotearoa New
- Zealand classroom: Perspectives on child, parent, teacher and school leader. Set: Research Information for Practitioners, 3, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.18296/set.0118
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation
- as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
- Cheung, R. H. P. (2018). Play-based creativity-fostering practices: The effects of different
- pedagogical approaches on the development of children’s creative thinking behaviours in a Chinese preschool classroom. Pedagogy, Culture & Society, 26(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681366.2018.1424725
- Danniels, E., & Pyle, A. (2022). Inclusive Play-Based Learning: Approaches from Enacting
- Kindergarten Practitioners. Early Childhood Education Journal, 51(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01369-4
- DeLuca, C., Pyle, A., Braund, H., & Faith, L. (2020). Leveraging assessment to promote
- kindergarten learners’ independence and self-regulation within play-based
- classrooms. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 27(4), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969594x.2020.1719033
- Dobber, M., Zwart, R., Tanis, M., & Van Oers, B. (2017). Literature review: The role of the
- teacher in inquiry-based education. Educational Research Review, 22(1), 194–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.09.002
- Edwards, S. (2016). New concepts of play and the problem of technology, digital media and
- popular-culture integration with play-based learning in early childhood education. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 25(4), 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939x.2015.1108929
- Edwards, S. (2017). Play-based learning and intentional teaching: Forever different?
- Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.23965/ajec.42.2.01
- Frydman, J. S., & Pitre, R. (2018). Utilising an embodied, play-based intervention to reduce
- occupational stress for practitioners. Drama Therapy Review, 5(1), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1386/dtr.5.1.139_1
- Gerde, H. K., Pierce, S. J., Lee, K., & Van Egeren, L. A. (2017). Early Childhood Educators’
- Self-Efficacy in Science, Math, and Literacy Instruction and Science Practice in the Classroom. Early Education and Development, 29(1), 70–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2017.1360127
- Hedges, H. (2018). Play-based learning: Questions and invitations from early childhood
- education. Set: Research Information for Practitioners, pp. 3, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.18296/set.0119
- Hedges, H., & Cooper, M. (2018). Relational play-based pedagogy: Theorising a core practice
- in early childhood education. Practitioners and Teaching, 24(4), 369–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2018.1430564
- Hsu, H. P., Wenting, Z., & Hughes, J. E. (2018). Developing Elementary Students’ Digital
- Literacy through Augmented Reality Creation: Insights From a Longitudinal Analysis of Questionnaires, Interviews, and Projects. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 57(6), 1400–1435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633118794515
- Hughes, F. P. (2021). Children, Play, and Development. SAGE Publications.
- Keung, C. P. C., & Cheung, A. C. K. (2019). Towards Holistic Supporting of Play-Based
- Learning Implementation in Kindergartens: A Mixed Method Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 47(5), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00956-2
- Khalil, N., Aljanazrah, A., Hamed, G., & Murtagh, E. (2022). Exploring Teacher Educators’
- Perspectives of Play-Based Learning: A Mixed Method Approach. Education Sciences, 12(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020095
- Kilinc, S., Kelley, M. F., Millinger, J., & Adams, K. (2015). Early Years Practitioners at Play:
- A Research-based Early Childhood Professional Development Program. Childhood Education, 92(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00094056.2016.1134242
- Kinkead-Clark, Z. (2019). Exploring children’s play in early years learning environments:
- What factors shape children’s play in the classroom? Journal of Early Childhood Research, 17(3), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718x19849251
- Le, H., Janssen, J., & Wubbels, T. (2018). Collaborative learning practices: teacher and
- student perceived obstacles to effective student collaboration. Cambridge Journal of Education, 48(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305764X.2016.1259389
- Lee, H. (2019). A Research Study Concerning Young Children’s Play in Unstructured Free
- Play Environments in Kindergarten Classroom. Practice Association for Early Childhood Education, 24(1), 73–97. https://doi.org/10.35641/kpaece.24.1.5
- Liu, S., Yuen, M., & Rao, N. (2015). A play-based programme (Pillars of Society) to foster
- social skills of high-ability and average-ability Primary-one students in Hong Kong. Gifted Education International, 33(3), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429415581221
- Lunga, P., Esterhuizen, S., & Koen, M. (2022). Play-based pedagogy: An approach to advance
- young children’s holistic development. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 12(1).
- Lungu, S., & Matafwali, B. (2020). Play-based learning in early childhood education (ECE)
- centres in Zambia teacher-perspective. European Journal of Education Studies, 7. https://doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v7i12.3427
- MonkeviÄienÄ—, O., StankeviÄienÄ—, K., AutukeviÄienÄ—, B., & JonilienÄ—, M. (2017). Pedagogical
- strategies that improve children’s play-based learning. Society, integration, and learning. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, 2, 290. https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2017vol2.2254
- Nuttall, J., Edwards, S., Mantilla, A., Grieshaber, S., & Wood, E. (2015). The role of motive
- objects in early childhood teacher development concerning children’s digital play and play-based learning in early childhood curricula. Professional Development in Education, 41(2), 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2014.990579
- Oppermann, E., Brunner, M., & Anders, Y. (2019). The interplay between preschool
- practitioners’ science self-efficacy beliefs, their teaching practices, and girls’ and boys’ early science motivation. Learning and Individual Differences, 70, 86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2019.01.006
- Pisman, M. D., & Luczynski, K. C. (2020). Caregivers can implement playâ€based instruction
- without disrupting child preference. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 53(3), 1702–1725. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaba.705
- Pyle, A., DeLuca, C., Danniels, E., & Wickstrom, H. (2020). A Model for Assessment in
- Play-Based Kindergarten Education. American Educational Research Journal, 57(6), 000283122090880. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831220908800
- Pyle, A., DeLuca, C., Wickstrom, H., Danniels, E., & Fesseha, E. (2023). Play-based learning
- and assessment practices in early years: methodological explorations. Educational Research, 65(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2023.2181201
- Pyle, A., Prioletta, J., & Poliszczuk, D. (2017). The Play-Literacy Interface in Full-day
- Kindergarten Classrooms. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0852-z
- Schmitt, K. L., Hurwitz, L. B., Sheridan Duel, L., & Nichols Linebarger, D. L. (2018).
- Learning through play: The impact of web-based games on early literacy development. Computers in Human Behavior, 81, 378–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.12.036
- Sezgin, E., & Demiriz, S. (2017). Effect of play-based educational programme on behavioural
- self-regulation skills of 48-60 month-old children. Early Child Development and Care, 189(7), 1100–1113. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1369972
- Sinha, R. (2017). Educating the Hindu Child Citizen. Contemporary Education Dialogue, 14(2),
- 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973184917716991
- Soma, A., & Kwaku Kissiedu. (2023). Play-integrated teaching and learning in beneficiary
- schools of the right-to-play project in the Saveligu District of Northern Ghana. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v9i3.1597
- Taylor, M. E., & Boyer, W. (2019). Play-Based Learning: Evidence-Based Research to
- Improve Children’s Learning Experiences in the Kindergarten Classroom. Early Childhood Education Journal, 48(2), 127–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-019-00989-7
- Tekman, T. K., & Yeniasır, M. (2023). The Impact of Play-Based Learning Settings on
- Reading, Writing, Listening, and Speaking Skills. Sustainability, 15(12), 9419. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129419
- Ucus, S., & Acar, I. H. (2017). Exploring the perceptions of student practitioners about
- “creative school†in early childhood education. Early Child Development and Care, 189(2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1307838
- Van As, A. J., & Excell, L. (2018). Strengthening early childhood teacher education towards
- a play-based pedagogical approach. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v8i1.525
- Van Leeuwen, A., & Janssen, J. (2019). A systematic review of teacher guidance during
- primary and secondary education collaborative learning. Educational Research Review, 27, 71–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.02.001
- Vân, L. T. B. (2022). Play-based learning for kindergarten: An overview study. TNU Journal
- of Science and Technology, 227(04), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.5589
- Wang, S.-Y., Chang, S.-C., Hwang, G.-J., & Chen, P.-Y. (2017). A microworld-based role-
- playing game development approach to engaging students in interactive, enjoyable, and effective mathematics learning. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2017.1337038
- Widodo, H. (2019). The Role of School Culture in Holistic Education Development in
- Muhammadiyah Elementary School Sleman Yogyakarta. Dinamika Ilmu, 265–285. https://doi.org/10.21093/di.v19i2.1742
- Wong, S., Wang, Z., & Cheng, D. (2011). A Play-based Curriculum: Hong Kong Children’s
- Perception of Play and Non-play. The International Journal of Learning: Annual Review, 17(10), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v17i10/47298
- Yamada-Rice, D. (2017). Designing play for dark times. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood,
- 18(2), 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949117714081
- Yin, H., Keung, C. P. C., & Tam, W. W. Y. (2021). What Facilitates Kindergarten
- Practitioners’ Intentions to Implement Play-Based Learning? Early Childhood Education Journal, 50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-021-01176-3
- Youmans, A. S., Kirby, J. R., & Freeman, J. G. (2017). How effectively does Ontario's full-
- day, play-based kindergarten programme promote self-regulation, literacy, and numeracy? Early Child Development and Care, 188(12), 1788–1800.
- Yuan, J., & Bowen, R. T. (2018). Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity Through
- Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1797