Article Sidebar

Download
pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 1010 Download : 893

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between perceived gratitude and work engagement in Indonesia and examines whether employee resilience mediates the relationship between perceived gratitude and work engagement. This study utilizes an online self-administered questionnaire that includes established measures associated with perceived gratitude, employee resilience, and work engagement–in addition to various demographic questions. The study sample consists of 205 respondents working as merchandisers in Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) field under outsourcing companies. This study applies a mediation model in Hayes Process to examine the data. The findings suggest that perceived gratitude is positively related to employee resilience, while employee resilience is positively associated with work engagement. In addition, employee resilience mediates the relationship between perceived gratitude and work engagement. Based on the findings, outsourcing companies are encouraged to deliver workplace-perceived gratitude training to make their employees psychologically resilient, leading to more engagement at work. The present study’s findings contribute to the literature on work engagement by explaining how perceived gratitude as a bottom-up strategy can help employees be more engaged in their work.

Keywords

employee resilience Hayes Process perceived gratitude positive organizational psychology work engagement

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial CC BY-NC 4.0, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the authors' work non-commercially, and although the others' new works must also acknowledge the authors and be non-commercial, they do not have to license their derivative works on the same terms.
  2. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). In other words, authors can archive pre-print (submitted version),  post-print (accepted version), and publisher's version/PDF.
Author Biographies

Endro Puspo Wiroko, Department of Psychology, Universitas Pancasila, The Special Capital Region of Jakarta, Indonesia

Endro Puspo Wiroko is a full-time lecturer and researcher at the Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Pancasila, Jakarta, since 2015. He completed his Master’s degree in Industrial and Organizational Psychology, at Universitas Indonesia. He is now pursuing his Doctoral degree in Psychology, at Universitas Padjadjaran. His research includes work engagement, positive organizational psychology, and Islamic Psychology. He can be contacted at [email protected].

Dwi Sugiharti, College of Business, Law, & Governance, James Cook University, Queensland, Australia

Dwi Sugiharti is a Ph.D. Candidate at James Cook University, since 2019. She did her Master of Economics at Kobe University, and Master of Economics of Development at Magister Ekonomika Pembangunan in Universitas Gadjah Mada. Currently, she is a development planner at Bappeda Central Java. Her research interests include hospitality and tourism, the public sector, regional development, community empowerment, sustainability, and economic development. She can be contacted at [email protected]

How to Cite
Wiroko, E. P., & Sugiharti, D. (2022). Gratitude and work engagement: The mediating role of employee resilience. INSPIRA: Indonesian Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 38-50. https://doi.org/10.32505/inspira.v3i2.4848

References

  1. Arviana, G. N. (2021). Definisi, tanggung jawab, dan skill yang diperlukan seorang merchandiser. Glints. https://glints.com/id/lowongan/merchandiser-adalah/#.YIaoK6ExW00
  2. Asmara, C. G. (2021). Biang kerok Giant-Centro berdarah-darah hingga tutup gerai. CNBC Indonesia. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20210601065313-4-249707/biang-kerok-giant-centro-berdarah-darah-hingga-tutup-gerai
  3. Agnieszka, L., Katarzyna, T., & Sandra, B. (2020). Empathy, resilience, and gratitude – Does gender make a difference? Anales de Psicologia, 36(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.391541
  4. Arnout, B. A., & Almoied, A. A. (2021). A structural model relating gratitude, resilience, psychological well-being and creativity among psychological counsellors. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(2), 470–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12316
  5. Bakker, A. B., & Albrecht, S. (2018). Work engagement: current trends. Career Development International, 23(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1108/CDI-11-2017-0207
  6. Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Ten Brummelhuis, L. L. (2012). Work engagement, performance, and active learning: The role of conscientiousness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(2), 555–564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.08.008
  7. Barello, S., Caruso, R., Palamenghi, L., Nania, T., Dellafiore, F., Bonetti, L., Silenzi, A., Marotta, C., & Graffigna, G. (2021). Factors associated with emotional exhaustion in healthcare professionals involved in the COVID-19 pandemic: an application of the job demands-resources model. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 94(8), 1751–1761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01669-z
  8. Beck, C. W. (2016). Perceptions of thanks in the workplace: Use, effectiveness, and dark sides of managerial gratitude. Corporate Communications, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-07-2014-0048
  9. Bono, G., & Sender, J. T. (2018). How gratitude connects humans to the best in themselves and in others. Research in Human Development, 15(3–4), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427609.2018.1499350
  10. Cain, I. H., Cairo, A., Duffy, M., Meli, L., Rye, M. S., & Worthington, E. L. (2019). Measuring gratitude at work. Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 440–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1484936
  11. Cantante-Rodrigues, F., Lopes, S., Sabino, A., Pimentel, L., & Dias, P. C. (2021). The association between resilience and performance: The mediating role of workers’ well-being. Psychological Studies, 66(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-020-00583-7
  12. Cao, X., & Chen, L. (2021a). Relationships between resilience, empathy, compassion fatigue, work engagement and turnover intention in haemodialysis nurses: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(5), 1054–1063. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13243
  13. Cao, X., & Chen, L. (2021b). The impact of resilience on turnover intention in dialysis nurses: The mediating effects of work engagement and compassion fatigue. Japan Journal of Nursing Science, 18(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/jjns.12414
  14. Chen, H., Richard, O. C., Dorian Boncoeur, O., & Ford, D. L. (2020). Work engagement, emotional exhaustion, and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Business Research, 114(March), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.03.025
  15. Chen, L. H., & Wu, C. H. (2014). Gratitude enhances change in athletes’ self-esteem: The moderating role of trust in coach. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(3), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2014.889255
  16. Clark, P., Crawford, T. N., Hulse, B., & Polivka, B. J. (2021). Resilience, moral distress, and workplace engagement in emergency department nurses. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 43(5), 442–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945920956970
  17. Cooper, A. L., Brown, J. A., Rees, C. S., & Leslie, G. D. (2020). Nurse resilience: A concept analysis. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 553–575. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12721
  18. Cortini, M., Converso, D., Galanti, T., Di Fiore, T., Di Domenico, A., & Fantinelli, S. (2019). Gratitude at work works! A mix-method study on different dimensions of gratitude, job satisfaction, and job performance. Sustainability, 11(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143902
  19. Danquah, E. (2021). The influence of emotional intelligence on the work engagement of clinical leadership: Resilience as a Moderator. Hospital Topics, 0(0), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/00185868.2021.1922113
  20. Delgado, C., Roche, M., Fethney, J., & Foster, K. (2021). Mental health nurses’ psychological well-being, mental distress, and workplace resilience: A cross-sectional survey. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 30(5), 1234–1247. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12874
  21. Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., De Jonge, J., Janssen, P. P. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). Burnout and engagement at work as a function of demands and control. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 27(4), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.615
  22. Donaldson, S. I., Lee, J. Y., & Donaldson, S. I. (2019). Evaluating positive psychology interventions at work: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-019-00021-8
  23. Du, Y., Dang, Q., Zhang, B., Wu, R., & Rasool, A. (2021). The effects of parenting differences on psychological resilience in adolescent students: The role of gratitude. Children and Youth Services Review, 130(August), 106224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106224
  24. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
  25. Frank, J., Lambert, E. G., & Qureshi, H. (2017). Examining police officer work stress using the Job Demands–Resources model. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 33(4), 348–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986217724248
  26. Froh, J. J., Sefick, W. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2008). Counting blessings in early adolescents: An experimental study of gratitude and subjective well-being. Journal of School Psychology, 46(2), 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2007.03.005
  27. Gabana, N. T., Wong, Y. J., D’Addario, A., & Chow, G. M. (2022). The Athlete Gratitude Group (TAGG): Effects of coach participation in a positive psychology intervention with youth athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(2), 229–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1809551
  28. Garg, N., & Singh, P. (2020). Work engagement as a mediator between subjective well-being and work-and-health outcomes. Management Research Review, 43(6), 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-03-2019-0143
  29. Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017935
  30. Gupta, N., & Kumar, S. (2015). Significant predictors for resilience among a sample of undergraduate students: Acceptance, forgiveness and gratitude. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 6(2), 188–191. http://www.iahrw.com/index.php/home/journal_detail/19#list
  31. Hakanen, J. J., Peeters, M. C. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Different types of employee well-being across time and their relationships with job crafting. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(2), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000081
  32. Héliot, Y., Gleibs, I. H., Coyle, A., Rousseau, D. M., & Rojon, C. (2019). Religious identity in the workplace: A systematic review, research agenda, and practical implications. Human Resource Management, 59, 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21983
  33. Hodliffe, M. (2014). The development and validation of the Employee Resilience Scale (EmpRes): The conceptualisation of a new model. 1–76. https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/9184/thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1%0Ahttps://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/9184
  34. Iavicoli, S., Valenti, A., Gagliardi, D., & Rantanen, J. (2018). Ethics and occupational health in the contemporary world of work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1713), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081713
  35. Ivanovic, T., Ivancevic, S., & Maricic, M. (2020). The relationship between recruiter burnout, work engagement and turnover intention: Evidence from Serbia. Engineering Economics, 31(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.31.2.24100
  36. Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x
  37. Jans-Beken, L., Jacobs, N., Janssens, M., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., Lechner, L., & Lataster, J. (2020). Gratitude and health: An updated review. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(6), 743–782. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1651888
  38. Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of Management Journal, 33(4), 692–724. https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
  39. Kašpárková, L., Vaculík, M., Procházka, J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Why resilient workers perform better: The roles of job satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 33(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240.2018.1441719
  40. Killen, A., & Macaskill, A. (2015). Using a gratitude intervention to enhance well-being in older adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(4), 947–964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9542-3
  41. Kim, K., Tulachan, B. P., Cho, Y.-H., & Kim, T. H. (2020). Gratitude enhances work engagement through reduced perception of damage: A case study in Nepals’ earthquake disaster. The Open Psychology Journal, 13(1), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010206
  42. Kim, W., Kolb, J. A., & Kim, T. (2013). The relationship between work engagement and performance: A review of empirical literature and a proposed research agenda. Human Resource Development Review, 12(3), 248–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484312461635
  43. Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2
  44. Kong, F., Yang, K., Yan, W., & Li, X. (2021). How does trait gratitude RELATE to subjective well-being in Chinese adolescents? The mediating role of resilience and social support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(4), 1611–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00286-w
  45. Kuntz, J. R. C., Naswall, K., & Malinen, S. (2016). Resilient employees in resilient organizations: Flourishing beyond adversity. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 9(2), 456–462. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.39
  46. Lee, M. C. C., Idris, M. A., & Tuckey, M. (2019). Supervisory coaching and performance feedback as mediators of the relationships between leadership styles, work engagement, and turnover intention. Human Resource Development International, 22(3), 257–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/13678868.2018.1530170
  47. Lee, Y., Kwon, K., Kim, W., & Cho, D. (2016). Work engagement and career: Proposing research agendas through a review of literature. Human Resource Development Review, 15(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316628356
  48. Lijo, K. J., & Annalakshmi, N. (2017). Promoting resilience among institutionalized adolescents through fostering probabilistic orientation, forgiveness, and gratitude. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 8(12), 1551–1560. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1986559290?accountid=8144%0Ahttp://sfx.aub.aau.dk/sfxaub?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&genre=article&sid=ProQ:ProQ%3Asciencejournals&atitle=Promoting+resilience+among+institutionalized+ado
  49. Lin, C. C. (2015). Gratitude and depression in young adults: The mediating role of self-esteem and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 30–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.017
  50. Llenares, I., Deocaris, C., Espanola, M., & Sario, J. (2020). Gratitude moderates the relationship between happiness and resilience. International Journal of Emotional Education, 12(2), 103–108. https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/handle/123456789/65091
  51. Locklear, L. R., Sheridan, S., & Kong, D. T. (2022). Appreciating social science research on gratitude: An integrative review for organizational scholarship on gratitude in the workplace. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2624
  52. Lu, C. qin, Wang, H. Jiang, Lu, J. jing, Du, D. yang, & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Does work engagement increase person-job fit? The role of job crafting and job insecurity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 142-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2013.12.004
  53. Mahardayani, I. H., & Dhania, D. R. (2014). Komitmen organisasi karyawan outsourcing Kabupaten Kudus ditinjau dari stress kerja. HUMANITAS: Indonesian Psychological Journal, 11(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.26555/humanitas.v11i1.2325
  54. Marques-Quinteiro, P., Vargas, R., Eifler, N., & Curral, L. (2019). Employee adaptive performance and job satisfaction during organizational crisis: the role of self-leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1551882
  55. McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? In Psychological Bulletin VO - 127 (Issue 2, p. 249). https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.127.2.249
  56. McGuire, A. P., Fogle, B. M., Tsai, J., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2021). Dispositional gratitude and mental health in the US veteran population: Results from the National Health and Resilience Veterans Study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 135(November 2020), 279–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.01.020
  57. Miglianico, M., Dubreuil, P., Miquelon, P., & Bakker, A. B. (2019). Strength use in the workplace: A literature review. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(2), 737–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00095-w
  58. Mills, M. J., Fleck, C. R., & Kozikowski, A. (2013). Positive psychology at work: A conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and a look ahead. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 153–164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.831468
  59. Näswall, K., Malinen, S., Kuntz, J., & Hodliffe, M. (2019). Employee resilience: development and validation of a measure. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(5), 353–367. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-02-2018-0102
  60. Nielsen, M. B., Mearns, K., Matthiesen, S. B., & Eid, J. (2011). Using the job demands-resources model to investigate risk perception, safety climate and job satisfaction in safety critical organizations. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(5), 465–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00885.x
  61. Nourpanah, S. (2021). The construction of gratitude in the workplace: Temporary foreign workers employed in health care. International Migration, 59(2), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12769
  62. Ojo, A. O., Fawehinmi, O., & Yusliza, M. Y. (2021). Examining the predictors of resilience and work engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sus, 13(2902), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902
  63. Okun, O., & Arun, K. (2020). Relationships between psychological resilience and work engagement: Field study in the geography of tragedies; Afghanistan Universities. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 14(3), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.51709/fw1272j/fall2020/7
  64. Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & de Almeida, H. (2017). Work engagement, social support, and job satisfaction in Portuguese nursing staff: A winning combination. Applied Nursing Research, 36, 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.05.012
  65. Parker, S. K. (2014). Annual review of psychology, 65, 661-691. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 661–691. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115208
  66. Patil, M., Biswas, S., & Kaur, R. (2018). Does gratitude impact employee morale in the workplace. Journal of Applied Management - Jidnyasa, 10(2), 21–36. https://ssolanding-search.proquest.com/docview/2258776512?accountid=10297%0Ahttp://resolver.ebscohost.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&rfr_id=info:sid/ProQ%3Aabiglobal&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rf
  67. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
  68. Qing, G., Zhang, H., & Wang, Z. (2021). How and when family-supportive supervisor behaviors foster work engagement and gratitude: A moderated mediation model. Social Behavior and Personality, 49(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2224/SBP.9179
  69. Rahmadani, V. G., Schaufeli, W. B., Stouten, J., Zhang, Z., & Zulkarnain, Z. (2020). Engaging leadership and its implication for work engagement and job outcomes at the individual and team level: A multi-level longitudinal study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030776
  70. Richardson, G. E., Neiger, B. L., Jensen, S., & Kumpfer, K. L. (1990). The resiliency model. Health Education, 21(6), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00970050.1990.10614589
  71. Rusu, P. P., & Colomeischi, A. A. (2020). Positivity ratio and well-being among teachers. The mediating role of work engagement. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(July), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01608
  72. Samo, A. H., Shaikh, N., Ibrahim, I., & Ali, A. (2021). Reap the resilience, stop wearing the worry: exploring the role of resilience enhancing practices in organizational outcomes. Journal of Indian Business Research, 13(2), 324–340. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIBR-04-2020-0121
  73. Santhanam, N., & Srinivas, S. (2020). Modeling the impact of employee engagement and happiness on burnout and turnover intention among blue-collar workers at a manufacturing company. Benchmarking, 27(2), 499–516. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-01-2019-0007
  74. Sawyer, K. B., Thoroughgood, C. N., Stillwell, E. E., Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., & Adair, E. A. (2021). Being present and thankful: A multi-Study investigation of mindfulness, gratitude, and employee helping behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 107(2), 240–262. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000903
  75. Schleupner, R., & Kühnel, J. (2021). Fueling work engagement: The role of sleep, health, and overtime. Frontiers in Public Health, 9(May), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.592850
  76. Scott, V., Verhees, M., De Raedt, R., Bijttebier, P., Vasey, M. W., Van de Walle, M., Waters, T. E. A., & Bosmans, G. (2021). Gratitude: A resilience factor for more securely attached children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 30(2), 416–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01853-8
  77. Shabrina, K., Kusristanti, C., & Listiyandini, R. A. (2020). Gratitude and resilience among adolescents who have experienced parental divorce. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 3(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v3i1.59
  78. Stegen, A., & Wankier, J. (2018). Generating gratitude in the workplace to improve faculty job satisfaction. Journal of Nursing Education, 57(6), 375–378. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20180522-10
  79. Strümpfer, D. J. W. (2003). Resilience and burnout: A stitch that could save nine. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(2), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/008124630303300201
  80. Suzuki, Y., Tamesue, D., Asahi, K., & Ishikawa, Y. (2015). Grit and work engagement: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 10(9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137501
  81. Talavera-Velasco, B., Luceño-Moreno, L., García-Albuerne, Y., & Martín-García, J. (2021). Perception of health, resilience, and engagement in Spanish police officers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psicothema, 33(4), 556–563. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2021.153
  82. van Mol, M. M. C., Nijkamp, M. D., Bakker, J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Kompanje, E. J. O. (2018). Counterbalancing work-related stress? Work engagement among intensive care professionals. Australian Critical Care, 31(4), 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2017.05.001
  83. Van Wingerden, J., & Poell, R. F. (2019). Meaningful work and resilience among teachers: The mediating role of work engagement and job crafting. PLoS ONE, 14(9), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222518
  84. Vinahapsari, C. A. (2019). Perbandingan tingkat stress kerja antara karyawan tetap dan karyawan outsourcing Bank BRI Wilayah Yogyakarta. TECHNOBIZ : International Journal of Business, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.33365/tb.v2i1.271
  85. Wang, Z., Li, C., & Li, X. (2017). Resilience, leadership and work engagement: The mediating role of positive affect. Social Indicators Research, 132(2), 699–708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1306-5
  86. Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 183–200. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X285633
  87. Yildirim, M., & Alanazi, Z. (2018). Gratitude and life satisfaction: Mediating role of perceived stress. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 10(3), 21. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijps.v10n3p21
  88. Zhang, X., Bai, X., Bian, L., & Wang, M. (2021). The influence of personality, alexithymia and work engagement on burnout among village doctors in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11544-8
  89. Zheng, Y., Graham, L., Epitropaki, O., & Snape, E. (2020). Service leadership, work engagement, and service performance: The moderating role of leader skills. Group and Organization Management, 45(1), 43–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601119851978