Sources of Students’ Errors in EFL Writing in Indonesia

The purpose of this review paper is to compile studies related to the sources of errors made by Indonesian students in a writing skill, to summarize some prior findings in order to provide updated literature on error analysis, to identify difficulties that Indonesian students face in an EFL writing context, and to investigate the factors that influence writing success and failure. The results showed that three major factors contribute to students' errors in EFL writing in Indonesia: the influence of the first language on writing, large class sizes, and a lack of writing practice. This is reasonable, as studies have demonstrated that despite years spent in school learning English, a significant number of errors can still be found in writing products composed by university students. Therefore, the teacher can use several strategies, including implementing a specific learning strategy that affects the target language, reducing the number of students in the class so that they have enough time to practice writing based on the writing process, and providing better instruction in the structure and grammar sections. Furthermore, teachers should spend more time and effort outside of the classroom to help students receive feedback, particularly through conferencing.


INTRODUCTION
Someone's purpose in studying English is not merely to comprehend the instruction of the language as a grammar but to obtain a great understanding of vocabulary. English vocabulary can be learned as early as the elementary level. English vocabulary is therefore essential in English acquisition (Hariadi, 2014). Vocabulary is vital and has a significant role in language skills such as listening, speaking, writing, and reading Vocabulary enables someone to collect some of the important words from smaller lexical units and obtain a similar level of vocabulary knowledge in a simpler and adjustable manner. People can guess the meaning of unfamiliar words and whether or not the words have suffixes or prefixes. Moreover, the words they found could be progressive, possessive, past tense, or present. In fact, suffixes and prefixes change the meaning of the words.
To learn vocabulary, form and meaning are studied. It is essential to become competent in vocabulary because it is the basis of language. If the people are rich in vocabulary, it will be easier for them to understand the meaning of any words they have found. As vocabulary became the core of second language acquisition, students must possess a great amount of understanding on it It is enticing to study vocabulary. It can explain the shapes that are presented by present fabric. Quoted by (Bauer, 2012) it have some meaning that linguistics is deal with knowledge to language whereas a significant role for branches of it is own such as phonetic, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatic, and semantic. In morphology, fabric is the subdivision of linguistics that is related to the form and shape. Hence, morphology is the study of morpheme, which means the smallest meaningful element of words that can be identified (Hamka, 2014). It also JADEs: Journal of Academia in English Educations Hapsari, W, E., Sudarman, S., Utami S | Sources of Students' Errors in EFL Writing in Indonesia |143 that morphology is a knowledge about learning morphemes (Aronoff, Mark and Fudeman, 2011).
Research on morphology has been widely discussed. (Sri Aryati, 2014) studied derivational and inflectional found in a novel by classifying the words The results show that the words found in the novel are classified based on the part of speech, adjective, noun, and verb. Another point of view about morphology has been studied by (Rugaiyah, 2018) by reading a text of the tenth grade students. The results show that they found derivational morphemes, which consist of prefixes and suffixes, as well as inflectional morphemes in 3 categories of suffixes, namely noun suffixes, verb suffixes, and adjective suffixes.
Both research have explained that the object is taken from written text. In this research, the researcher would like to analyze the morphology of a video. The researcher analyzes derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme from a morphological perspective. From the issues have been explained, it comes to some questions: (1) what words that belong to derivational morphemes, and (2) what words that belong to inflectional morphemes.

Definition of Derivational Morpheme
A derivational morpheme can be used to create a word that belongs to a different part of speech (Fromkin, Rodman, & Hyams, 2014 (Allerton, 2016). The results of the derivational processes are derived words. Derivational morphemes can change the meaning of the root or base word. According to (Lieber, 2009) stated that derivational morphemes define new lexemes that are formed with prefixes and suffixes on a base that are often referred to as derived word.
The word "happy," for example, is an adjective. The adjective "happy," if added by the suffix -ness becomes happiness, which is a noun. The researcher concludes that derivational morphemes are affixing. It can change the meaning of the base word and create a new one. The derivational morpheme has prefixes and suffixes. When derivational morpheme is added to the base of a word it may produce the changing in the part of speech or grammatical category of the word (Kolanchery, 2015).
For example, derivational morphemes can transform a word "friend" in the following ways: Noun will be Friendship, Friendliness, and Unfriendliness.
In Adjective will have Friendly, Unfriendly, and Friendless. As a verb the word friend becomes Befriend.
Each of these words has different meaning than the base word of friend.
The derivational morphemes have created a new word. The most important thing, by adding derivational morphemes, primarily a suffix, can change the form-class, from noun to adjective or noun to verb. Inflectional morpheme is a type of morpheme that does not change the root word's class. It also indicates a syntactic or semantic relationship between different words in a sentence. It usually occurs in morpheme members with functional characters and word margins (Hazen, 2015).

Definition of Inflectional Morpheme
Therefore, morpheme affects the word and sentence and changes the meaning itself.
Another point of view from (Allerton, 2016) who explains that the inflectional morphemes do not substitute the word class of the base word. It affects the person, time, and process of an action in a sentence.
Inflectional morpheme is the modification through affixation, internal change, or one of the processes to indicate the grammatical sub-class to which it belongs (Kalsum, Munawir, Nur Asizah, 2021). The base to which an inflectional morpheme is added is called a stem. The part of a word that exists before the addition of any inflectional morpheme, such as the word "worker" that is added by -s become workers, or the word "shift" that is added by -ed become shifted.
Therefore, inflectional morpheme is a word formation that expresses grammatical distinction. The inflectional morpheme performs certain grammatical functions such as singular, plural, the tenses, the person, and possessive. This type of morpheme does not change meaning and word class. From the data sources of Dwayne Johnson' Speech such as days, things, heroes, stories, show that these words basically as singular. But it defines by grammatically added by an-s after the word would turn to plural as its functions.

METHODS
The researcher employed a descriptive qualitative method. (Ten Have, 2004) stated that a qualitative method is a form of research or a designated core searcher that collects and interprets data, making the researcher as much a part of the research process as the participants. (Auebarch & Silverstain, 2003) explained that this method is applied by collecting and analyzing data, making the researchers getting into the process of the research as participants with the data they supplied.
The object discussion was taken from the speech video presented by Dwayne Johnson. The data is identified by focusing on the words spoken by Dwayne Johnson by categorized as derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes. The categorized is conducted based on Victoria Fromkin's theory. The researcher specified the data and studied some literature on morphology.
The next step, the researcher looked for several books and journals to assist the analysis process and to add some information regarding derivational morphology and inflectional morphology. Then, the researcher begins to watch the video of Dwayne Johnson's Speech. The researcher takes a note to continue to filter the words have been found into derivational and inflectional morpheme. Next, the researcher is explained the speech of spoken by Dwayne Johnson. Lastly, the researcher compiled the data that had been collected from the results based on Fromkin's theory.

Finding
The researcher used Fromkin's theory to analyze the derivational morpheme. There are two types of derivational morphemes, those that change the part of speech and those that do not. There are eight words that change the part of speech, and there are two words that do not change the part of speech. The total of Dwayne Johnson' speech is ten words.  The word "relationship" consists of the word relation + ship. The base word is relation, which is a noun, meaning "the way in which two or more things are connected." The suffix -ship, used to form a noun, means denoting a qualify or condition, status, office, or honor, a tenure of office, a skill in a certain capacity, or the collective individual of a group.

Data 2: "My grandfather was a professional wrestler, too. And my dad,
Rocky Johnson, is the Samoan wrestler".
The word Samoan consists of Samoa + n. The base Samoa is a noun. It means "a group of islands in the southern Pacific Ocean, divided between American Samoa and the state of Samoa." The suffix -n means "made or consisting of something or resembling." After the word is added by the suffix -n, the word class stays as a noun that means a native. In The word wrestler consists of wrestle + er. The word wrestle can be defined as "to fight somebody by holding them and trying to throw or force them to the ground, sometimes as a sport." The suffix -er, indicates a person or things that perform a specified action or activity. Thus, the part of speech changes to a noun that means "a person who takes part in the sport of wrestling." Data 2: "but there was an intimacy there and even at that level".
The word intimacy is formed by intimate + -acy. The word intimate can be an adjective, verb, or noun. The word intimate means "to let somebody know what you think or mean." The suffix -acy is used to alter the noun and represent a person or thing acting as a verb. After the word intimate is added by the suffix -acy, the word turns into a noun.
Data 3: "And that was an eviction notice on the door".
The word eviction consists of evict + ion. The base word evicts, which is a verb, means "to force somebody to leave a house or land." The suffix -ion is used to form a state or product. The word means a resulting state or product. After being added the suffix-ion, the word changes to a noun. The word thankfully is formed by combining the words thank + ful +ly. The base word is thank, which is a verb meaning "to tell somebody that you are grateful for something." The suffix -ful shows an adjective. It can be used for having the qualities of something or recurring at intervals.
The suffix -ly is an adverb that represents manner or degree. After the suffix -ly is added, the word becomes an adverb.

Data 5: "I want my daughters to know that I love them unconditionally"
The next word that the researcher found is unconditionally. The word unconditionally is formed by combining the words un + conditional + ly.
The base word is conditional. It is an adjective meaning a conditional offer or agreement that depends on something else being done. The prefix unmeans a reversal of the action. After the prefix is added, the word class is not changed. Suffix -ly has been already analyzed in Data 1. When a suffix -ly is added, the word turns into an adjective. It means able to be, subject to, relevant to or by something or having the quality to do something. The word class of conditional is changed after the prefix unand the suffix -ly being added, as it becomes an adverb. The word successful consists of the words success + ful. The word success is a noun which means "the fact that you have achieved something that you want and have been trying to do or get." When it is added by the suffix -ful, the word class is changed to an adjective. The suffix -ful presents full of success. After the word is added by the suffix -ful, the word class becomes an adjective. something is worth in money or other goods for which it can be exchanged." The suffix -able is used to form an adjective. The suffix means able to be, to be, subject to, relevant to or in accordance with something, or having the qualification to do something. The word class of value is changed to an adjective after the suffix -able is added.
Data 8: "I wore it in the ring and a melee broke out, which always happens in the wild world of professional wrestling".
The word professional is formed by combining the word profession + al. Profession means "a type of job that requires a certain training or skill, such as someone who likes to have to continue their high education." The suffix -al is used to alter a noun to an adjective. The suffix means "connected with." After the suffix -al is added, the word class of profession is changed to an adjective, which means doing something as a paid job rather than as a hobby. From Data 4, the researcher found two inflectional morphemes: heroes and evicted. The word heroes comes from hero + -es. The suffix -es marks the plural of regular nouns. The word hero means a person who is admired by many people for doing something brave or good. The suffixes has the same functions as the suffix -s, which is the plural form of hero.
The word evicted consists of evict + -ed. The word evict means to force somebody to leave a house or land, especially when you have the legal right to do so. The suffix -ed is used to make the past tense and past participle form of the regular verbs. The suffix -ed is added to form the past tense of evict.
Data 5: "Her mom's parents were immigrants who came over from Cuba.
It's important that we've always shared those stories." In Data 5, there are five inflectional morpheme words. The word mom's comes from mom + 's. It is a noun which means a mother. In this word, the suffix -'s is used to indicate ownership. The word parents is formed by parent + -s. It is a noun which means a person's father or mother. The suffix -s is used to represent the plural form of parent. The word immigrants comes from immigrant + -s.It is a noun which means a person who has come to live permanently in a different country from the one they were born in. The suffix -s represents the plural form of immigrant. The word shared comes from share + -d. It can be a verb or noun. The verb share means to have part of something while another person or other people also have part, whilst the noun share means one part of something that is divided between two or more people. The suffix -d is used to form the past tense of share. Lastly, the word stories comes from story + -es. It is a noun which means a description of events and people that the writer or speaker has invented in order to entertain people. The suffix -es has a similar function to suffix -s, which is to show the plural form of story. splurge. Meanwhile, the word meant comes from mean + -t. It can be a noun or adjective. The verb mean means to intend to say something on a particular occasion. The suffix -t is used to form past participles, which is an irregular verb.  noun. The verb come means to arrive somewhere in order to do something or get something. The suffix -ing is added to indicate the manner of come.
Additionally, the word concerts come from concert + -s. It is a verb, which means a public performance of music. The suffix -s is used to form the plural of concert. In addition, the word events come from event + -s. It is a noun meaning a thing that happens, especially something important. The suffix -s used to denote the plural of event. The, the word wrestling that comes from wrestle + -ing. The word wrestle is a verb which means to fight somebody by holding them and trying to throw or force them to the ground, sometimes as a sport. The suffix -ing is added to indicate the process of wrestle. Lastly, the word matches comes from match + -es. The meaning of the word match is a sport event where people compete against each other. The suffix is used to refer to the plural form of match.