The Representation of Fantasy Comedy in Movie Posters Entitled Turning Red Using Semiotics Theory

This research aims to identify the representation of fantasy comedy and explain the sign system to represent the fantasy comedy that is found in Turning Red movie posters. This research was descriptive qualitative because the result was discussed descriptively. The data of this research was the signifier and signifier, verbal signs represented by the text which consists of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences on the posters, and the non-verbal signs represented by the picture. Then, the color meaning of fantasy comedy in the Turning Red movie posters. From this research, we can understand the representation of fantasy comedy about the signifier and signified using Ferdinand de Saussure’s semiotics theory, and the analysis of verbal and non-verbal signs using Gillian Dyer’s theory in the m ovie posters. Then, the analysis of the color meaning using Sean Adams’ theory. The findings show that this research found 98 data which are presented in three points. The first is the signifier and signified with 28 data, the second is verbal signs with 14 data, and the non-verbal signs with 44 data. The third is the color meanings with 12 data in the Turning Red movie posters.


INTRODUCTION
Semiotics is a branch of linguistics that studies signs and symbols, particularly when they express spoken and unspoken meanings. A Swiss inform the public about the upcoming release of a new movie. Currently, more movie posters raise the fantasy comedy genre, one of the movie posters that will be discussed in this research, namely Turning Red.
This research is focused on identifying the representation of fantasy comedy and explaining the sign system found in the Turning Red movie posters which includes many semiotic signs that may be analyzed in this research, such as the signifier and signified using Saussure's (1983) semiotic theory, the verbal and non-verbal signs using Dyer's (2009) theory, and the color meaning using Adams ' (2017) theory. This research discusses fantasy comedy from the Turning Red movie posters because there is no one analyzed this topic and object in the previous research.
There are many studies on semiotics, especially on movie posters, but no JADEs: Journal of Academia in English Educations Anggraeni This research found several previous kinds of research that were used as a reference to enrich theories and references for this research. The first research that related to this research was entitled Verbal and Non-Verbal Signs of "Zootopia" by Devi Narista et al. (2017), which aimed to identify the kinds of verbal and non-verbal signs and to explain the meaning of verbal and non-verbal signs in "Zootopia" movie posters.
This research used the qualitative descriptive method. This research applied some theories, there is the theory of semiotics by Saussure (1983), the theory of verbal and non-verbal signs by Dyer (1993), the theory of color terms by Weirzbicka (1996), and also the theory of color meaning by Saussure's dichotomy model of the sign is drawn in the explanation below:

Figure 1. Saussure's Dyadic Model of Semiotic
Source: (Chandler, 2017, p. 13) Saussure proposed that the components of the signs are the signifier (sound) which is the physical or material element, and the signified (mental concept) which is the meaning of the concept or the mental representation. In other words, the existence of a sign, which can be in the form of a word or picture, requires the existence of a signifier and signified. The consideration of using this theory compared to using other theories is because this theory focuses on signifiers and signified to be used in this research. indexes and symbols which can be used to analyze verbal signs. The classification of signs that can be used to analyze verbal signs is as explained, (a) Index is a sign that relates to a certain object and (b) Symbol is a sign that relates to the object it denotes by applying a law, which is usually a connection of general ideas, which causes the Symbol to be regarded as referring to that object.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Signs in Semiotics
Then, for the non-verbal signs, Dyer (2009, pp. 77-85)  Indoor means it can vary from quite natural to highly manufactured or even surreal in appearance.
Then, the sixth is analyzing photographs. The actual techniques of production and reproduction, as well as the photographic or film techniques such as focus, film stock, lenses, close-up, cropping, editing (special electronic effects), camera movement, lighting, and so on, have a significant impact on the advertising image and how we perceive it.
Analyzing photographs consists of, (a) Focus and depth of vision to emphasize the picture and fade away, these two elements can be clear, sharp, and foggy. (b) Close up, this element is to exhibit the object in detail.
(c) Lighting and color are to give a dramatic or mysterious atmosphere. (d) Cropping: This element refers to cutting up a picture that has attention to a specific part of an object. (e) The camera angle is to manage the meaning of a dramatic or unusual effect. (f) A special effect or montage gives the picture a sense of dynamism and excitement. Therefore, it can be concluded that this research uses the verbal and non-verbal signs proposed by Dyer because she specifically classifies verbal and non-verbal signs from her classification of signs to be used in this research. According to Aryanto (2012, p. 164), a poster is a form of written visual communication or an image that depicts persuasive themes or problems. A poster is commonly found on the side of the road, at malls, hospitals, schools, and other places. The poster aims to encourage attention to the target audience. A poster's size is usually between A3 and A4. Its main function is to serve as an indirect communication medium, hence the elements that must be included in a poster include text or writing that serves to attract people's attention to the message being delivered. In addition, Tziamtzi (as cited in Darliati & Mahmud, 2020) points out that poster is seen as a kind of advertising as well as a form of mass communication. A movie and a poster are two inseparable parts of a movie. The graphics and content on the poster are intended to inform or provide clues to the audience about the movies.

Definition of Poster
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that a poster is a written visual communication that is shown in a public place. Other than that, a poster also aims to inform or provide clues to the audience which contains the message itself.

Color Meaning Theory
According to Dyer (2009, p. 95) color is frequently used in ads as an 'objective correlative,' in which the color of the product is used. In addition, Adams (2017, p. 14) states that color theory is a set of parameters that can be used to guide color mixing because color theory addresses concerns of value and tone, darkness, and lightness.  It is often associated with mystery and magic that created the fantasies. trendiness, and loudness.

Representation Theory
According to Fiske (1990, pp. 66-67) states that representation comes from the words "represent" which have the meanings of interpreting, or, "means," which signifies something. The text, or messages with independent existence, is created using representational codes. The basis for representations can be a text that includes iconic or symbolic signs, as well as language or verbal photography. In addition, Hall (as cited in Wardah & Kusuma, 2022) points out that representation theory has two meanings, they are mental representations related to abstract concepts in each person's thinking and language representations to construct meaning from abstract ideas. Therefore, it can be concluded that the representation signifies something such as the text, symbol, or language to construct the meaning.

Fantasy Comedy Theory
Humorous fantasy known as fantasy comedy (Pringle et al., 2006, pp. 31-33) is a subgenre of fantasy that is focused on humor in the intent of tone. The characteristics of fantasy comedies have parodic elements which subvert many fantasy conventions. Fantasy comedy frequently features puns on and parodies of other works of fantasy and is typically set in fantastical settings. This research used this genre because, fantasy is a unique genre that can be combined with other genres, such as comedy.
Therefore, this Turning Red movie posters contains the fantasy comedy which is very interesting to analyze the genre that has not been used in the previous research.

METHODS
This research is a qualitative design. This research process is carried out using the inquiry process, which is the process of understanding and observing social or human problems to obtain a comprehensive picture, and then the results are described naturally. This research design was chosen because the result was discussed descriptively. The data analysis is presented descriptively which identifies the representation of fantasy comedy and explains the sign system to represent the fantasy comedy in the movie posters. The data found were then analyzed and discussed using Saussure's semiotics theory, including signifier and signified. Then, for the verbal and non-verbal data, data analysis was carried out sequentially based on the theory proposed by Dyer. The verbal data found were then analyzed and discussed using Dyer's theory, including movie title, movie tagline, release date, movie crews and producers, and movie production companies. Then, the non-verbal data including appearance (  It can be seen that this research found 98 data which are presented in three points. The first is the signifier and signified in the Turning Red movie posters with 28 data, the second is verbal signs with 14 data, and the non-verbal signs in the Turning Red movie posters with 44 data. The third is the color meanings in the Turning Red movie posters with 12 data.
This section presents a detailed analysis that is described in data analysis and will be presented in the discussions of this research.

Signifier and Signified Found in Turning Red Movie Posters
In analyzing the Turning Red movie posters, this research focused on the sign system that discusses the signifier and signified in the movie posters. This finding is in line with (Juliantari, 2014)  These Turning Red movie posters explained the signifier and signifier which is in line with the semiotics theory proposed by Saussure (1983).
Therefore, we can conclude that the picture of the Red Panda signifies the representation of fantasy because Mei turns into a big Red Panda when she gets strong emotions like anger, sadness, or excitement. Then, the picture of Mei's friends also the Album signifies the representation of comedy because they have a humorous nature and at their teenage age, they like a boy band named 4*Town.

Movie Posters
After analyzing the signifier and signified, this research found the verbal and non-verbal signs in Turning Red movie posters using the theory proposed by Dyer (2009 It can be seen that this finding is in line with (Devi Narista et al., 2017) in their research because the occurrence is the same as in this research that discusses the verbal signs in movie posters.
Turning Red Movie Poster 2 such as the appearance of a Red Panda from this country, and it is packaged very interestingly. The third verbal sign is the text "TURNING RED", which is categorized as the movie's title because this text is expected to be read first by the target audience. This portrays the genre of the movie because the title is eye-catching as it is bold and depicted with the shape of a red panda's head that looks cute with a font shape to make it stand out from the background which makes the audience believe that the genre of this movie is a fantasy comedy (Pringle et al., 2006). The Collins, Directed by Domee Shi", which categorized as the names of the crews and producers because it is used to appreciate those who have been involved in the production of this Turning Red movie. The names of the crews and producers are written in small sizes and the possibility to be noticed by the audience is very small. Then, the fifth verbal sign is the text "MARCH 11", which is categorized as the date of the movie's release.
This release date of the movie is written in capital to inform the target audience about when the movie is in cinemas, so they can watch it on time.

Non-Verbal Signs
The non-verbal signs in these movie posters consist of appearance (age, gender, national and racial, hair, body, and size), manner These Turning Red movie posters explained the verbal and nonverbal signs of fantasy comedy to tell the audience about the movie's title, movie slogan, the companies name, release date, the crews and producers name, appearance, manner, activity, settings, and analyzing photographs or images shown by the characters using verbal and non-verbal signs theory proposed by Dyer (2009). Therefore, we can conclude that from these movie posters, the appearance of the Red Panda and the expression of the characters are representations of fantasy comedy. In movie posters, color is needed to be able to attract the audience.

Movie Posters
After analyzing the signifier and signified, also the verbal and non-verbal signs of fantasy comedy, this research found the color meaning in Turning Red movie posters. This finding is contradictory with (Devi Narista et al. 2017), whose research uses Weirzbicka's theory, while this research uses It can be seen that in the Turning Red movie poster 3, there are 6 data of color meanings. The first color meaning is blue which represents the color of fantasy. Blue is associated with the sea, sky, and spirituality which is inspired by the fairies and elves that are full of beautiful fantasy and illusion (Adams, 2017). In this movie poster, the color of the sky is The second color meaning is red, which represents the color of fantasy. Red is associated with fire, blood, anger, and sex (Adams, 2017).
In this movie poster, the Panda is red color because when she gets strong emotions like anger, sadness, or excitement, she turns into a big Red Panda which is a native animal from China.
The third color meaning is yellow, which represents the color of comedy. Yellow is associated with sunshine and laughter (Adams, 2017).
In this movie poster, Priya wears a yellow shirt with a quarter zipper.
This color is reflecting herself that she is one of Mei's best friends who be the most chill and mellow. She tends to act as energetic as the rest of her friends as yellow is laughter and joyous color, while Priya is mostly deadpan. Then, the fourth color meaning is Orange, which also represents the color of comedy. Orange is associated with autumn, humor, and warmth (Adams, 2017). As we can see in this movie poster, Priya's yellow shirt also has an Orange striped pattern that reflects herself whenever she is the most chill, mellow, and deadpan, she is very a humorous person when she meets her friends.
The fifth color meaning is purple, which represents the color of fantasy. Purple is associated with royalty, spirituality, and imagination. It is often associated with mystery and magic that created the fantasies (Adams, 2017). In this movie poster, Abby wears purple overalls with pink, yellow, and orange color flower designs. This color is reflecting herself that she has chaotic energy, confidence, boldness, and aggression.
She is also a very expressive person, so this color suits her very well. The sixth color meaning is pink, which represents the color of fantasy. Pink is more closely connected to red and associated with romance, sweetness, delicacy, elegance, and tenderness which was inspired by the fairies.
Therefore, pink is considered to have 'playful spirit calms and feminine traits' of supernatural beings (Adams, 2017). In this movie poster, the bag's color is pink because Mei is a female who likes bright colors like pink. So, this color is reflecting feminine traits.

CONCLUSION
After The semiotic study is very important not only to create good posters but, also to understand the representation of fantasy comedy by analyzing the sign system to represent the fantasy comedy. This research found 98 data which are presented by using Saussure's theory to analyze the signifier and signified of fantasy comedy. After that, analyze the verbal signs which are shown through the movie's title, the movie's slogan, the company's name, the release date, the crew, and the producer's name. Moreover, the non-verbal signs are shown through the appearance, manner, activity, settings, and analyzing photographs or images of fantasy comedy using Dyer's theory. Then, analyze the color meaning of fantasy comedy in movie posters using Adams' theory. Although this research focused on the representation of fantasy comedy in movie posters using semiotics theory, it is still not free from limitations that cannot be fully chaptered which gives rise to new further research. Then, this research suggests further research to find different movie posters that combine the representation of fantasy comedy with Saussure's semiotic signs theory, Dyer's verbal and non-verbal signs theory, also Adams' color meaning theory. It is expected that further research should be able to apply semiotic signs in other objects, such as movie scenes, magazines, or advertisements.