Analysis of Figurative Language and Imagery in Songs Lyric of Sam

This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word


INTRODUCTION
Language is very important in human life, because people cannot communicate with each other without it. It can express people's ideas, knowledge and feelings in writing or orally. Language also has many author to be aesthetically read and are deliberately somewhat open in interpretation. Song is one example of literature.
Song is the act or art of singing. Song are piece of music with words that are sung has a function to express the thought and feelings. Song has two elements such as lyrics and music. Listening to a song it is fun activity, but the listeners cannot enjoyed it if they don't understand the figurative language that commonly found in the song. Figurative language and imagery are pervasive in everyday communication. They are not only restricted in literary works such as fiction and poetry but also commonly expressed in song lyrics. In other words, figurative language in music plays a significant role in elaborately expressing feelings and thoughts implicitly rather than explicitly (Sharndama & Suleiman, 2013) as well as communicating ideas clearly and effectively (Holmes, 2003).
Figurative language is language using figures of speech, so we cannot take it literally. Figurative language is associated with the lyric of the song uses figurative language. There are many types of figurative language such as metaphor, simile, symbols, hyperbole, irony, etc. Figurative language can be found in any source, such as in literary works. Imagery, on the other hand, is the use of words or phrases that appeal to human senses. In lyrics, imagery is used to give the audience a sense of how the subject being described looks, sounds, and feels, among others (Yastanti & Safitri, 2016). Using imagery allows songwriters to clarify meaning and intensify emotions as well as allow the audience to place themselves inside the songs, e.g. "to see the picture, hear the sounds, feel their effects, and so on" (Ewer, 2014). There are many types of imagery such as visual imagery, auditory imagery, olfactory imagery, gustatory imagery, etc.
People can also find it in songs or lyric song.
JADEs: Journal of Academia in English Educations Ithop it is a metaphor because it compares "the thunder" and "the lighting".

c. Personification
Personification figure of speech is a figure of speech that makes or equates inanimate objects to move or breathe like humans.
According to Rachmat Djoko Pradopo in the Study of Poetry Based on the way of expression, synecdoche figure of speech is divided into two types, namely pars pro toto and totem pro parte. This figure of speech is used to express the whole part of an object but only mentions part of the object. e.g : "A chicken coming into the house is already overwhelming mother."

Synecdoche Pars Pro Toto
It is a synecdoche because the word "one" is used to represent the whole chicken, not just one chicken.

Synecdoche Totem Pro Parte
This type of figure of speech is used to express part of an object by mentioning the whole part or with another object that has a broader meaning.
e.g : "Djarum provides scholarships to young badminton athletes." It is a synechdoche because the word "Djarum" represents the senior officials from the Djarum company who provide scholarships.

e. Metonymy
Metonymy is a figure of speech that uses a word or two which is a brand, kind or other that is a single unit of a word. This style of language is usually called a name substitute in the form of an attribute, object or use of something that is closer and related to a particular object substitute.
According to Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963, p.367) metonymy is defined as a figure of speech in which describe one thing by using the term for another thing which is closely associated with it.
Example: "Cigarettes are replaced by Djarum or Gudang Garam" e.g : "My father bought a Djarum Chocolate." It is a metonymy because the word "djarum chocolate" already describes a cigarette that was bought by my father. increasing alertness, developing creativity and as a simulation of movements or events. It was also explained that imagery has visual, auditory, and rehearsal properties. Seeing and understanding the theory above, the author concludes that imagery exercises need to be applied in the process of psychic training. So that through the process of repetition, imagining a song lyric contained in the album under study is expected to be a solution that has been hampering some basic problems.

Visual Imagery
Visual Imagery evokes a picture of something that occurs most frequently in poetry, sometime seen in the mind eye which called by sight effect.

Auditory Imagery
Auditory imagery represents a sound like words "buzzing, tinkling, chimming" and others related to the sound. The auditory imagery is not like auditory perception. It means, when the reader reads it, he only fell the sense of hearing but not really hearing in purpose.

Olfactory Imagery
Olfactory imagery calls up the sense of smell to the reader like fragrant, unpleasant smell and the others related the aroma.

Gustatory Imagery
Gustatory imagery is an imagery which relates to the taste such as sweet and others related to the flavor.

Tactile Imagery
This imagery relates to tactile sense such as hardness, softness, wetness or heat and cold.

Organic Imagery
Organic imagery is an imagery which related to internal sensation such as hunger, thirst, fatigue, or nausea.

Kinesthetic Imagery
Kinesthetic imagery conveys a sense of movement or tension in the muscles or joints.

Sam Smith's album "The Lonely Hours"
In the Lonely Hour is the debut album by English singer and In Australia, In the Lonely Hour debuted at number two, behind and November 2017 respectively -more than 3 years after its release. [54][55] According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, "In The Lonely Hour" sold 3.5 million copies in 2014 [56] and 2.6 million copies in 2015, [57] becoming the fifth bestselling album of both years.
In 2015, In the Lonely Hour was ranked as the third most popular album of the year on the Billboard 200. [58] 3.

METHODS
In conducting research, we need research design. Research design helps researchers to conduct this study in finding reference objectives, data collection and methods as well as in analyzing strategies to present findings and conclusions. In this research, the researcher used qualitative method because this study focuses on the analysis or interpretation of the written material in context.According to Bogdan and Biklen (1982) that qualitative research is descriptive which the data is collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Data in the form of quotes from documents, field notes, and interviews or excerpts from videotapes, audiotapes, or electronic communications are used to present the findings of the study.
Moreover, Endraswara (2011)  of this research is non-numeric and because this research is research which analyzes words to interpret something. Therefore, this research takes a qualitative method.
Then regarding the data analyzed, the data is a raw material that needs to be processed to produce information, both qualitative and quantitative data that shows facts. On the other hand, data is material information about the object of study of something. this research data was Data methods are the techniques used by researchers to collect data.
By using the following steps: 1. Taking the song lyrics from azlyrics.com, in order the data to be analyzed.
Meanwhile, the most dominant kinds of figurative language in this research is Hyperbole. And, the researcher also classifying 62 lyrics that contain imagery in song lyric of In the Lonely Hour album by Sam Smith.
The researcher found 5 kinds of imagery based on theory namely Visual Imagery (16 data), Auditory Imagery (6 data), Tactile Imagery (2 data), Organic Imagery (24 data), Kinesthetic Imagery (14 data). Meanwhile, the most dominant kinds of Imagery in this research is Organic imagery.

Metaphor
In this figurative language, found 1 datum as follows. Example: Money On My Mind -Sam Smith (stanza 4 lines 8) Cause I'm not a puppet, I will work against your strings Analysis: As stated by Keraf (1994:139) states that metaphor is variety of analogy which compare two things directly, but in short pattern. It means that between subject and object have same attributes, and writer uses it to compares it to another. The lyric in above sentence is included into metaphor because there are words, I'm as a subject and a puppet as an object in the lyrics describes a person's feelings about the relationship situation between him and his girlfriend, who always feels controlled every day, like a puppet. Puppet is an object which often resembling with human life. It controls by human rods or strings. it is related for his life, who living his life unhappily because his girlfriend does not treat him well. Therefore, the word 'puppet' describes him who is always controlled by his girlfriend.

Personification
In this figurative language, found 1 datum as follows. Example: Good Thing -Sam Smith (stanza 4 lines 2) Although you made my heart sing Analysis: As stated by Knickerbocker & Reninger (1963, p.367), stated that personification is giving human characteristic to an object, animal, or an abstract idea. The lyric in above sentence is included into personification because there are words heart and sing in the lyrics of the song, the word heart as an object meanwhile the word sing as a human activities, which are then attached to objects or nouns where. The meaning of this heart describes of a human being who had very deep feelings for someone he loves. The word sing describes an activities or hobbies that normally carried out by humans. So, the word heart in the lyrics of this song is used to describe a human being who is made so happy that he wants to sing a song.

Synecdoche
In this figurative language, found 3 data as follows. Example: Stay with me -Sam Smith (stanza 1 lines 3) These nights never seem to go to plan Analysis: As stated by Knickerbocker & Reninger (1985:379) said that synecdoche using a part for the whole, or the whole for a part. The lyric in above sentence is included into synecdoche because the phrase These nights in the lyrics describes what happened in its entirety, from that phrase it is known that in recent nights it has never seem to the plan that he wanted.