AN OT ACCOUNT OF PHONOTACTIC AND CODA NEUTRALIZATION OF ENGLISH LOANS IN PILIBHIT HINDI- URDU

This paper provided the basic information of the phonological processes as the Coda Neutralization and Phonotactics of English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The objectives of this paper were to represent the aspects of the coda neutralization in the sense of voiced obstruent segment becomes voiceless obstruent segment in the final syllable structure of the loanwords, and the consonant clusters break within the insertion of an extraneous segment in any location of the English Loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In the another framework, this paper revealed the phenomena of devoicing features of coda consonants and the grades of the additional segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loanwords within the principles of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993). The central idea of this paper was to explore the process of conflicts between the candidates at the surface level and reflects the properties of the input candidate by the observation of the constraint rankings. In this study, it was propounded the effective formalities of the hierarchy of the constraint rankings and drew one of the best candidates as an optimal candidate out of the output candidates from English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. The groundwork of this paper was related to the significant aspects of the English loans that were adapted within the addition, insertion, or deletion of the segments in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In this paper, it was also determined the facts of the coda devoicing of the speech segments in terms of neutralization at the end of the syllable structure of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu.


INTRODUCTION
District Pilibhit is the north-eastern division of Rohilkhand that is located at the sub-Himalayan region of the national boundary of Uttarakhand and the international boundary of Nepal. The official languages of District Pilibhit are Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, and English. Hindi and Urdu are the two major official languages of the Indian constitution that are widely spoken in district Pilibhit. Hindi and Urdu are the two major Indo-Aryan bases languages that shared linguistic features through language contact situations.
It is determined that the native speakers of Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu borrowed the English lexical items and altered their physical mechanism within the proper aid of Optimality Theory (OT) principles. Optimality Theory was introduced by Prince and Smolensky (1993) relevant to the hierarchy of the constraints that explored the ranking features of the input and output candidates. OT has two significant constraints as "faithfulness constraints" and "markedness constraints." The faithfulness constraints have the requirement of the linguistic features that maintained the similarity between input and output candidates, while the markedness constraints have the requirement of the linguistic features that formed the well-formedness structure of the output candidates. The term Phonotactics stands for the representation of a sequence of two or more than two consonants that format the process of consonant clusters. It is observed that Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu native speakers break the process of consonant clusters within the addition or insertion of an external segment in all the positions of the English loanwords. The concept of the coda neutralization is related to the voicing feature of the voiced obstruents that altered into voiceless obstruents in the final position of the Hence, this research was conducted to examine the process of Phonotactics or consonant clusters that is broken by the addition or insertion of an extraneous segment in the syllable structure of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. In addition, the researcher also determined the aspect of the coda neutralization in the sense of voicing feature of the voiced obstruents that altered into voiceless obstruents in the final margin segment of the syllable structure in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loanwords in this research.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Campbell (1998), the phonological pattern of a language can be altered through the process of Phonotactics, syllable or morpheme structure by the acceptance of the loanwords in more intimate language contact situation which does not conform to the native patterns. For example, the native Finnish speakers did not permit the consonant clusters at the beginning of the words in indigenous languages, but through the intimate language contact they borrow the words from the Swedish and later from English then perform the pattern of Phonotactics or consonant clusters such as: /krokotili/ "crocodile" /kruunu/ "crown" (from Swedish "krona") /presidentti/ "president" /smaragdi/ "emerald" (from Swedish "smaragd") Meanwhile, the morphological edges determine the aspects of the segment at the level of "Grammatical word" (GrWd), while the prosodic edges represent the additional properties of elements at the level of "Prosodic Word" (PrWd).
There is a clear significance aspect of the alignment of an epenthetic vowel at the right edge of the prosodic word, but the violation occurs at the right edge of the grammatical word. Optimality Theory (OT) was first introduced by Prince and Smolensky (1993) for describing the syllable structure of the words in a particular language, but soon it spread in other areas of Linguistics because its wide application became very effective at least in all fields of Linguistics. OT is related to the various types of tenets that preserved the linguistic features of the output candidates after compared with the features of the input candidate. First tenet is the "GEN" (Generator), which performs candidate analysis to generate many forms. According to McCarthy (2002), "Gen is universal," which means that all produced candidates by Gen for a given input are the same in all languages of the world. These candidates are varied from language to language, and the property of Gen is called "inclusive or freedom of analysis." Alan Prince and Paul Smolensky (1993) Carr (2008), OT is a model of the Generative Grammar that is consisted of the crucial constraint rankings.
Certain types of constraints are listed in the tableau from left (most powerful) to the right (least powerful). The [fɪlm] * c.
[fɪləm] *! According to Kager (1999), Optimality Theory is a developmental process of the Generative Grammar that focuses on the formal descriptions of the universal principles based on linguistic typology. He encounters a case of "coda neutralization," the final marginal consonant of the syllable structure at the monosyllables words in Dutch.  a.

Phonotactics and Syllable Structures
Phonotactics and syllable structures are the two key factors of the phonological conventions that performed the way of linguistic competence in the proper arrangement of the sequence of consonants and vowels in the languages. The term Phonotactics refers to the language-specific restrictions on the sequencing of speech sounds (Haugen, 1956& Hill, 1958. The Phonotactics in a language is the way of enforced by the phonological rules in the lexical items (Carr, 1993, p. 193). In terms of the phonological rules, Phonotactics is the aspect of the composition of certain types of the segments and constructed a syllable structure in a particular language. A word may be monosyllabic that consists within the single syllable as CV, VC, CVC, CCV, etc., disyllabic that is coalescence within two syllables such as CVCV, CCVC, CVCVC, etc. or multisyllabic that are conjoined within more than two syllables such as CVCVCC, VCCVCVCVCVC, etc.

Coda Neutralization
One of the basic concepts of the phonological theory is the neutralization, whereby phonemic distinctions are eliminated in a particular phonological context (Trubetzkoy, 1939). In this study, we have determined the process of neutralization of voicing features of voiced obstruents that  We will now move towards the consideration of coincidence between Grammatical Word (GrWd) and Prosodic Word (PrWd) that are consisted within the process of epenthesis:    The various phonologists stated that the conflicts between the candidates could be solved only based on the constraints of OT.

The status of the coda neutralization in OT formation
When a consonant is normally voiced and when it is pronounced without vocal-fold vibration in some context, it is said to be devoiced (Gussenhoven & Jacobs, 2017). The coda devoicing or neutralization is a type of phonological feature like others in which a voiced segment released its voicing property and altered into the voiceless segment in a particular syllable structure of the words. For example, the researcher explored the devoicing of the voiced obstruents in the several tokens of English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu such as: We will now move towards the consideration of the syllable structure of the words within the framework of the Prosodic Word (PrWd) and

English Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu loans Gloss
Grammatical Word (GrWd).   . The candidate (c) has a higher rank of the violation, and fatal violation within the lower rank of the ranking features as the correspondent to the input candidate. So, in this framework it is the sub-optimal candidate, but not optimal.
In table 5, the candidate (a) violated to the highest and the lower rank of the constraints *VOI-CODA and VOP, while satisfied with the higher and lowest rank of the constraints *SG and IDENT-IO (VOI). It has the most ranking features of the violations and fatal violations and the least ranking features as correspondent to the input candidate. So, in this context, it is not an optimal candidate. The candidate (b) is satisfied with the highest, higher and lower rank of the constraints *VOI-CODA, *SG, and VOP, while violated to the only lowest rank of the constraint IDENT-IO (VOI). It has the least number of the violations and fatal violations with the highest number of the ranking features as correspondent to the input candidate. So, the candidate (b) is the best and declared as an optimal candidate. The optimal candidate is indicated by . The candidate (c) and (d) have the highest rank of the violations and fatal violations within the least number of the ranking features as compared to the other candidates. They are out of the source of the winning candidate and lost the opportunity to become an optimal candidate.

CONCLUSION
It is notified that the consonant clusters are broken within the addition of a segment in the initial position of the English loans in Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu. There is not the process of maintaining the consonant clusters by the native speakers of Pilibhit Hindi-Urdu because they always enter an external element that modified the version of the syllable structures in the loanwords.