Category Shift in Novel After You by Jojo Moyes

This study aimed to analyze the types of category shifts that can be found in this novel and translated novel. In this study, the translator uses category shifts for several sentences, words, clauses, and phrases, as evidenced by the 100 data the researcher collected. It has been proven that 35 data use the Category Shift technique, and 15 use the Class Shift technique. Furthermore, 25 data using the unit shift technique and 25 data using an intra-system shift in this study also analyzed whether shifting in translation would affect the quality of the translation. The quality of the translation was measured using parameters from Nababan and the obtained results. The use of shifting techniques on the quality of translation, as measured through Nababan's theory, produces an average score on aspects of accurate 3, aspects of accelerable 3, and readable 3.


INTRODUCTION
Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of the source language (SL) text to produce a text equivalent in the target language (TL) that conveys a similar message (Newmark;1988, p.7). "Translation is a craft consisting of the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language with the same message or/ and statement in another language." Catford also stated (Catford, 1965, p.5), "Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). It means the translator must be able to arrange or reposition the Source Language (SL) with equivalent information in the Target Language (TL).
The translation is a simple thing if a translator understands the content and meaning of a foreign language, as well as a translator, understands their language. Translation is an activity that requires the knowledge and skills of a translator. The translation is not only at the language level of words, phrases, and sentences but also at the non-language level related to its function.
A translator must make the translation acceptable and well received by the reader. Several aspects can make a translation acceptable and understandable to the reader. Shifts in the translation process can be ascertained by shifting from Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL). There is a difference between the differences in both structures from Source Language (SL) to Target Language (TL). According to the theory (Catford, 1965, p.53), "By 'shifts,' we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL." This means the structure and content of Source Language (SL) can be translated in different ways but have the same linguistic form, both from the category of units, classes, and structures. In his theory, Catford divides shifts into two types: Level shifts and Category Shifts. (Catford, 1965, p. 73) "Two major types of 'shift' occur level shifts and category shifts" This study only focuses on analyzing Category shifts (Catford, 1965, p. 75) "referred to unbounded and ranked bound translation: the first being approximately 'normal' or 'free' translation in which SL-TL equivalences are set up at whatever rank is appropriate." Category shifts can occur in equivalent sentences, which, when translated into Target Language (TL), will experience a low-rank shift to a high rank or vice versa. Furthermore, the category may change if a word or phrase in the Target Language (TL) deviates from its formal correspondence. Category shifts are further subdivided into Structure shift, Class Shift, Unit Shift, and Intra-System Shift. In this study, the researcher took the research subject from the Novel After You by Jojo Moyes and its translated novel "Setelah Mengenalmu," which Lulu Wijaya translated. The novel is a continuation of the previous book entitled Before You. The novel After You tells about the life journey of the main character Louisa Clark. After losing her lover due to suicide, her life is overshadowed by endless guilt. After You novel received a rating of …/10 from its readers. In this study, the researcher will focus on examining the Category Shift that can be found in the novel After You. And how equivalence the translation of the novel After You.
This study aims to find out how many categories of shifting the translator uses in translating the novel after you and find out the quality of the translation of the novel after you, which is measured according to the parameters of Nababan's theory (2012). "The accuracy aspect integrity has the highest score of 3, It is adapted to the basic concept from the translation process as transferring message process (accuracy) from a Source Text into the Target Text. Then acceptability is scored on 2, It referenced the concept that acceptability is related directly to translation appropriateness towards the Target Text's principle, norm, and culture. It means the acceptability aspect is influenced by accuracy. And last, the readability aspect is scored on 1, This aspect referenced to the reader is not related to the translation process conducted by the translator." This study will explain the category shift technique used by translators in translating the novel After You and the effect of using the shifting method on translation, measured using the theory of Nababan. This research will be explained qualitatively, which is expected to help readers understand the shifting method in translation.
According to Catford. (1965) "Translation shifts occur both at the lower level of language, i.e., the lexical grammar, and at the higher thematic level of text." Also, Catford (1965;73) states, "by shifts, we mean the departure from formal correspondence in the process of going from the Source Text to Target Text." From Catford's statement, it can be concluded that translation shift is used to describe changes from Source Text to Target Text. Catford divided translation into two types level Shift and Category Shift, and Catford also divided Category shift into 4 subtypes Category Shift, Structure Shift, Class Shift, Unit Shift, and Intra system shift. In this study, we will only discuss the Category shift in the source novel After You and the translated novel, the novel After You.

Structure Shift
Structure shift is the shift in the world order. It happens due to the difference in language system between Source Text and Target Text. Catford (1965) "Structureshifts. These are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation; they occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation.". (p.77)

Class Shift
The Class shift occurs when the word class in SL changes after being translated into TL Catford (2008). "Class-shift, then, occurs when the translation equivalent of an SL item is a member of a different class from the original item." (p.187). There are eight-word classes in English. Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, and determiner.

Unit Shift
According to Catford's (1965) statement, "By unit-shift, we mean changes of rank-that is, departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL." The rank of language is started from the smallest one: morpheme, word, phrase, clause, sentence, paragraph, and text. Below is the example of the unit shift in translation.".

Intra system Shift
To Catford's (1978) Statement, "in each language, the system operates in a nominal group, The system is one of terms they are singular and plural." (p.80). Intrasystem shift happens inside a system: it occurs when the source text and target text have systems that roughly match formally in terms of their structure, but translation entails the selection of a noncorresponding word in the target text system.

Translation Quality Assesment
The theory will measure translation quality from (Nababan:2012) with three categories of parameters, namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability, with units of value per category 1-3, as shown in the following  The translation appears natural; technical terms are commonly used and are familiar to the reader; phrase, clause and sentence have followed Indonesian language rules.

Less Acceptable 2
The translation appears natural in general; although there is a little problem in the use of technical terms or a little grammatical error.

Not Acceptable 1
The translation doesn't appear natural or seem like a translation work; technical terms are unusual and unfamiliar to the reader; phrase, clause and sentence do not follow Indonesian language rules. The translations are commonly understood by readers; although some parts have to be read more than once to understand the translation.

Not Readable 1
The translation is difficult to be understood by readers.

METHOD
The method used in this research is qualitative descriptive. According to Holloway (1997), "in qualitative research they consist of words or actions of the participants which the researcher hears and observers." (p.43). This study used two subjects as research material: novels from the source language, After You by Jojo Moyes, and translated novels. Translated version, Selects and marks sentences, phrases, or words containing translation shift. For the process of analyzing the data that has been selected, the researcher analyzes using the theory of translation shift by Catford, which is supported by the theory of Chesterman (2016), Duff, Nida and Taber (1982). Furthermore, the theory of Nababan analyzes (the accuracy, readability, and acceptability) of the novel After You.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this study, from 100 data collected, the researcher found 35 types of Structure Shift, 15 Class Shift, 25 Unit Shift 25 Intra System Shift with an average score in each aspect as follows: in the accuracy aspect, it gets an average score of 3, or Accurate in the Acceptable aspect gets an average score of 3 or acceptable, and the last aspect of Readable gets an average score of 3 or Readable.

DISCUSSION
According to Catford's theory, he divided two types of shifts, namely level shifts and category shifts (Catford, 1965, p. 73),"By 'shifts,' we mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. Two major shift types occur level shifts and category shifts." However, the author only examines the category shift found in the novel "After You" in this research. Category shifts are deviations from formal correspondence. According to Catford's theory, category shifts are divided into four types: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts (rank changes), and intra-systemshifts. The data analysis below contains the elucidation of the translation theory.
Data 1 Structure Shift Source Language Target Language "The big man" "Pria bertubuh besar" Here, a Structure Shift occurs in the datum since the phrase "…the big man…" in the SL (article+ adj+ noun) is translated into "…pria bertubuh besar…" (noun+ verb+ adj) in the TL. Catford(1965) further stated "Structure-shifts. These are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation; they occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation."." (p.77). In addition, Chesterman (2016) term used here is Phrase Structure Changes which means "…Comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase." (p.93).
The adjective "…big…" in the SL is translated into a verb "…bertubuh…" in TL. According to the thesaurus dictionary (2008) the word "…bertubuh…" is a verb.
(p.531) The prefix 'ber-' followed by a noun 'tubuh' denotes ownership. Further, Hasan Alwi (2017) in their book stated that "sub kelompok verba berprefiks "ber" yang tersebar mempunyai pangkal nomina, yang diantaranya berarti 'mempunyai, memiliki' yang disebut oleh nomina itu sendiri." (p.149) The score for this translation is 3 for the accuracy or acurate regardless from the translation "The big man" in SL into "Pria bertubuh besar" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50) as for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 3 or readable since the translation can be understood easily without having to read it more than once or refer to the previous or the next sentences (Nababan et al., 2012:51) Source Language Target Langauge The Scotch Drinker is bent low over the sinks, Si Peminum Scotch membungkuk di atas wastafel, Here, a Structure Shift occurs in the datum since the phrase "…The Scotch Drinker…" in the SL (Modifier + Head) is translated into "…Si Peminum Scotch…" (Head + Modifier) in the TL. Catford (1965) further stated "Structure-shifts. These are amongst the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation; they occur in phonological and graphological translation as well as in total translation.".(p.77). In addition, Chesterman (2016) term used here is Phrase Structure Changes which means "…Comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase." (p. 93).
The article "The…" in the SL is translated into another article "Si…" in the TL because 'Si / Sang' is used as a reference to the noun. Reference is the relationship between the language unit and the form of the objects that become the reference of the language unit. According to Hasan Alwi (2014)"pengacuan atau referensi adalah hubungan antara satuan Bahasa dan maujud berupa benda atau hal yang terdapat di dunia yang diacu oleh satuan bahasa itu." (p.42) The score for this translation is regardless the translation "The Scotch Drinker" in SL into "Si Peminum Scotch" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50) as for the accuracy the score is 3 or Accurate since it words meaning, technical terms, phrase, clauses or sentences in Source Language (SL) accurately transferred to Target Language (TL) (Nababan et al., 2012:51). And for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 3 or readable since the translation can be understood easily without having to read it more than once or refer to the previous or the next sentences (Nababan et al., 2012:51)  Here, a Class Shift occurs in the datum since the verb "…meant…" in the SL is translated into an adverb "…seharusnya…" in the TL. According to Thesaurus dictionary the word "…seharusnya…" is adverb. Catford (2008) further stated "Classshift, then, occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item." (p.187) In addition, Chesterman (2016) term used here is Transposition which means "…any change of word-class, e.g. from noun to verb, adjective to adverb." (p.93), the word "meant" is the past form of "mean".
The score for this translation from the translation "I meant to be travelling over to meet my new boss, and I can't" in SL into "Aku seharusnya pergi menemui bos baruku, dan aku tidak bisa" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50). As for the accuracy the score is 2 or Less accurate since the the meaning of Source Language have been transferred accurately into Target Language, however still have meaning distortion or double meaning translation (ambiguous) which interfere with integrity of message (Nababan et al., 2012:51) as for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 3 or readable since the translation can be understood easily without having to read it more than once or refer to the previous or the next sentences (Nababan et al., 2012:51) Data 3 Unit Shift Source Language Target Language I thought you were off to conquer the big wide world!

Kusangka kau sudah pergi untuk menaklukan dunia
The four-word phrase "…the big wide world." in the SL is translated into one word "…dunia." in the TL. According to Catford (1965), "…by unit shift changes of rank that is departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of unit in one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL." (p. 79) Thus, it is obvious that the translation is much shorter than the source language. According Duff (1987) said, "... a translation may be shorter than the original ..." (p. 22).
The score for this translation from "I thought you were off to conquer the big wide world!" in SL into "Kusangka kau sudah pergi untuk menaklukan dunia" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50) as for the accuracy the score is 3 or Accurate since it words meaning, technical terms, phrase, clauses or sentences in Source Language (SL) accurately transferred to Target Language (TL) (Nababan et al., 2012:51). And for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 3 or readable since the translation can be understood easily without having to read it more than once or refer to the previous or the next sentences (Nababan et al., 2012:51) Source Language Target Language Dad steers me forward, watching my feet carefully, as if they might suddenly shoot out Dad menuntunku maju sambil mengamati kakiku dengan cermat, Seakan -akan kedua telapak kakiku itu bisa lepas sewaktu waktu (c2. p37) The word "…they." in the SL is translated into Three word-phrase "…kedua telapak kakiku." According to Catford (1965), "…by unit shift changes of rank that is departures from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of unit in one rank in the SL is a unit at a different rank in the TL." (p.79) Therefore, the source language is shorter than the target language, which means that there is an overtranslation. Nida and Taber (1982) mentioned on expansion as follows: ". . there is a tendency for all good translations to be somewhat longer than the originals." This does not mean, of course, that all long translations are necessarily good. It only means that in the process of transfer from one linguistic and cultural structure to another, it is almost inevitable that the resulting translation will turn out to be longer (p. 163). The word "they" anaphorically refers to "my feet." According to Halliday and Hasan( 1975) "which by definition are not "new", because they are referring to what has gone before" (p.68) The score for this translation from "Dad steers me forward, watching my feet carefully, as if they might suddenly shoot out" in SL into "Dad menuntunku maju sambil mengamati kakiku dengan cermat, Seakan -akan kedua telapak kakiku itu bisa lepas sewaktu waktu" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50). As for the accuracy the score is 2 or Less accurate since the the meaning of Source Language have been transferred accurately into Target Language, however still have meaning distortion or double meaning translation (ambiguous) which interfere with integrity of message (Nababan et al., 2012:51) as for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 2 or Less readability since in general readers can understand the translation; however, there are certain parts that require reader to read twice. (Nababan et al., 2012:51) Data 4 Intra -System Shift Source Language Target Language I look up from polishing glasses Aku berhenti mengelap gelas dan mendongak A intra-system shift occurs in this datum as the word "…glasses" (plural) is translated into a word "…gelas." (singular) According to Catford, "…in each language, the system operates in nominal group, The system is one of terms they are singular and plural." (1978: 80) Additionally, Newmark "a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar form SL to TL. One type, the change from singular to plural. " (1988: 85) In addition, Chesterman's term used here is Phrase Structure Changes which means "…Comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase." (2016: 93).
This data shows changes in the plural to singular, count to non-count. "I look up from polishing glasses" in SL into "Aku berhenti mengelap gelas dan mendongak" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50).
As for the accuracy the score is 2 or Less accurate since the the meaning of Source Language have been transferred accurately into Target Language, however still have meaning distortion or double meaning translation (ambiguous) which interfere with integrity of message (Nababan et al., 2012:51) as for the acceptability, the score is 2 or Less acceptable since it the translate already feels natural ; however there are few problems in the use of technical terms or grammatical errors (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 2 or Less readable since in general readers can understand the translation; however, there are certain parts that require reader to read twice. (Nababan et al., 2012:51) Source Language Target Language All babies look like currants buns to me.
Bagiku, semua bayi seperti roti kismis A intra-system shift occurs in this datum as the word "…babies" (plural) is translated into a word "…bayi." (singular) According to Catford, "…in each language, the system operates in nominal group, The system is one of terms they are singular and plural." (1978: 80) Additionally, Newmark "a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar form SL to TL. One type, the change from singular to plural." (1988: 85) In addition, Chesterman's term used here is Phrase Structure Changes which means "…Comprises a number of changes at the level of the phrase, including number, definiteness and modification in the noun phrase, and person, tense and mood in the verb phrase." (2016: 93). Dari data ini menunjukan perubahan pada plural ke singular, count ke non-count The score for this translation is regardless the translation "All babies look like currants buns to me." in SL into "Bagiku, semua bayi seperti roti kismis" in the TL (Nababan et al., 2012:50) as for the accuracy the score is 3 or Accurate since it words meaning, technical terms, phrase, clauses or sentences in Source Language (SL) accurately transferred to Target Language (TL) (Nababan et al., 2012:51). And for the acceptability, the score is 3 or acceptable since it follows the rules, norms or culture of the Indonesian language, at both macro and micro level (Nababan et al., 2012;51) and for the readability the score is 3 or readable since the translation can be understood easily without having to read it more than once or refer to the previous or the next sentences (Nababan et al., 2012:51) CONCLUSION This study concludes that the translation shift technique can affect the level of quality in translation, especially on the readability aspect, which makes the translation easier to read and understand by the readers. The author hopes that the publication of this article can help readers understand what Category Shift is and how much effect Shifting has on translation.