METAPHOR OF MODALITY IN “EIGHTY DAYS YELLOW” NOVEL BY VINA JACKSON

The purpose of the study to analyze the types of metaphor of modality, describe the realization metaphor of modality and explain the context of metaphor of modality in novel. The research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. The data for this study were the sentences in novel. The data analyzed using Halliday’s Theory. The findings of the study showed that there were three types of the metaphor of modality used in novel such as probability was 50,65% with 109 occurences, usuality was 31,10% with 84 occurences, and obligation 18,25% with 70 occurences, the realization of metaphor of modality in novel were think, will, probably, usually, want, should, expected, usual, and supposed. and the context of metaphor of modality was the social context. We interacted with other people in the social context. Further, the interaction in our surroundings like friends and family. What you speak or how you act to everyone influences how you interprate.


INTRODUCTION
The user of language is representing experience by using a clause. The clause itself represents experience in various aspects in order to be easily understood by the reader or listener. One of the aspects commonly used by the writer or speaker in the clause was the use of metaphor of modality. The purpose was to give stress to the sentence. This case is always found in the written or spoken text especially in the speech.
Language was the means of self-expression. It was through language the humans express their thoughts, desires, emotions and feelings It was through store knowledge, transmit message, transfer knowledge and experience from one person to another. Most of the activities in the world are carried by language. It was through it the humans interact or relate to each other.
Interaction can be done with oral and written. In this case focus on written language. Many people get some problems when they analyze English written text. They found difficulties in comprehending many texts such as: newspaper, magazines, books, tabloids, novel, letters, etc. The difficulties will be clear for the readers when they try to understand the content of the English text. Many structures of functional grammar in English, one of them is metaphor of modality.
The reader or listener always has problems in understanding a text on metaphor of modality. This occurs because they do not know the meaning behind the statement. Consequently, they do not get the idea of the statement delivered. Writing was the way to express the ideas or opinions. Writing was a means to convey one"s idea to other; it should be simple and unambiguous. The readers must comprehend the meaning readily and precisely. To comprehend the English language especially in written text, readers should prepare their knowledge and definitely be direct so that they will not waste their time trying to guess the meaning of the English written text.
This study addresses to the use of metaphor of modality in a novel entitle "Eighty Days Yellow" by Vina Jackson. This topic was selected as the subject matter because the phenomenon that happen in the story on the novel. Vina Jackson told about her education experiences from Jakarta until the overseas. So, she many interacts with new environment and people. In her interactions, she many used the pattern of metaphor of modality.
Systemic functional grammar states that context of situation is arranged in categories. They are Field, Tenor and Mode. Corresponding to these, analyses language into three metafunctions -Experiential (Ideational), Interpersonal and Textual metafunctions. Each of the metafunctions expresses different modes of meaning of clauses in different aspects of the world. He argues that all languages have three kinds of semantic components. All languages have resources for construing experience (the ideational component), resources for enacting the diverse and complex social relations of man (the interpersonal component), and resources for enabling these two kinds of meanings to come together in coherent text (the textual function) (Halliday,1994).
Each of the grammatical systems proposed by Halliday and Hassan (1985) related to these metafunctions. The grammatical system of 'mood' considered to be centrally related to the expression of interpersonal meanings, 'process type' related to the expression of experiential meanings, and 'theme' is related to the expression of textual meanings. In Interpersonal metafunction analysis which is our concern in this study, sentence is considered as a piece of interaction between the speaker and listener (Halliday & Hasan, 1985). Here, language is considered as a way of reflecting. According to Butt, Fahey, Spinks & Yallop (1995)"The interpersonal metafunction uses language to encode interaction and to show how defensible or binding we find our proposition or proposal"(p.13). In interpersonal analysis, meaning is considered from the point of view of its function in the process of social interaction. In the interpersonal metafunction, a clause is analysed into Mood and Residue, Finite is realized by the tensed element of the verb. The Predicator is realized by the non-tensed (or nonfinite) element or elements of the verbal group. The Adjunct is realized by an adverbial group or prepositional phrase (Butt, et al.,1995,p.13).
In terms of functional linguistics, metaphors of modality imply that speakers do not use the modal constituent of a clause, such as a modal adverb, but rather a single compound sentence to express their modal meanings. The principle clause is a metaphor for modality. The incongruent realization of the modal expression is an exact metaphor for modality. It can be revealed that English modality system has its own rules while complexity and uncertainty also exist in the expression of modality meanings, manifested in a variety of means for modalization and modulation. Although modality is mainly expressed by modal verbs and other parts of predicate, they aren't the only means for that. Actually, clauses, nouns, verb phrases or even prepositional phrases can be employed to express modality. The former is regarded as congruent from which is recessive and unmarked; the latter is incongruent form which is dominant and marked, that is, metaphor of modality (Wu, 2006).
As an outcome of human social activities, language plays a variety of functions in human communication. Halliday (as cited in Lincoln & Guba,1985) claims that language has three meta-functions including conceptual meta-function, interpersonal meta-function and textual meta-function, among which interpersonal meta-function pays more attention to the interactive relationship between the author and the expected readers, that is, the speaker expresses his attitudes with his language and exerts influences on the listener"s ttitudes and behaviors. Mood and modality are significant parts in the interpersonal function, with the former expressing the speaker"s purpose to be achieved with his speech while the latter being a semantic system expressing the speaker"s judgment or evaluation which covers the field between "yes" and "no", hence adding another meaning to the most neuter semantic value of a proposition. In his book An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Halliday (1990) combines modality and polarity, that is, defining all the possibilities and states lying between the positive pole ("yes") and the negative pole ("no") as modality. All these states dependent on each other constitute a continuum. In addition, he classifies and describes modality categories systematically. When summed up, in systemic-functional grammar, modality is made up of four sub-systems: type, orientation, value and polarity.
First of all, according to different communicative functions, Halliday and Martin (1981) distinguishes modalization and modulation.
The former, belonging to the indicative type, plays a role in information exchange and refers to the s p e a k e r " s judgment on the possibility and fre que nc y of propositions, including rank of probability (possibly, probably, certainly) and rank of frequency (sometimes, usually, always; the latter, belonging to the imperative type, plays a role in article and service exchange and refers to the speaker"s judgment on the possibility and frequency of propositions, including rank of probability (possibly, probably, certainly) and rank of frequency (sometimes, usually, always; the latter, belonging to the imperative type, plays a role in article and service exchange and refers to the speaker"s judgment on the expectability of a suggestion, including rank of obligation (allowed, supposed, required) and rank of inclination (willing, keen, determined). Halliday & Martin (1981) he distinguishes two pairs of orientation including subjectivity and objectivity, explicitness and implicitness. Then, there are four choices in modalization and modulation, including subjective implicit, subjective explicit, objective implicit and objective explicit.
The clear realization of metaphor of modality that both the subjective explicit orientation and the objective explicit orientation. Based on metaphor or incongruent, that is, expression of modality are extended from vocabulary to clause by adding projecting clauses. However, the subjective implicit and objective implicit orientation are non-metaphorical or congruent form of modality, which are expressed by modal verbs, or modal adverbs. The fundamental element of the metaphorical representation is that it is coded by the first person I (I think, I believe, I doubt, I assume, I reckon, etc) and the process, which is typically mental such as believe, think, suspect, etc. In a word, metaphor of modality can arrange information according to modality responsibility in a reasonable way in order to exert the pragmatic function of modality in discourse and therefore to achieve the purpose of communication effectively (Halliday and Christian, 2014).

RESEARCH METHOD
This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design to explain the use of metaphor of modality in "Eighty Days Yellow" Novel.
Describe qualitative research as involving "… an interpretive naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative research study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense or interpret phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them" (Denzim and Lincoln, 2005, p.6).So, documents include in data collection. In this research used Additionally, proposes that one of the methods employed by qualitative study was textual analysis (Bogdan and Biklen, 1992). The data was usually in the form of words rather than numbers. The previous explanation leads the writer into a conclusion that qualitative design especially text analysis is the most appropriate method of this study. In addition, the analysis of metaphor of modality would be limited by using Halliday"s Systemic Functional Linguistic as the tool of analysis (Miles & Huberman, 1984).

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The Result of the study showed that : 1. The story of novel was not used all types of metaphor of modality.
It was only used 3 types of metaphor of modality such as probability 50,65% with 109 occurences usuality 31,10% with 84 occurences, obligation 18,25% with 70 occurences. New findings in novel was modality. For example, in page 1 line 20 "I can hear that! I could hear it all the way down the street!' he yelled.
2. The use of metaphor of modality was realized by the categoryprobability (think, will and probably) is the most common used in novel. The use of think, want and should indicates to convey the writer"s opinion toward an events that happen, then it is followed by the use of will to realize plan the writer and usually to realize the writer"s attitude toward someone or event. Then it is followed by the use probably to indicates the possibility of the events that will happen. Then it is followed by the use of expected that indicates someone"s wish or want in novel. It is done to show the firmness of the argument or opinion of the writer so that the reader will be persuade by it.
This study used social context because the novel told about her activities in new environment during business trip. She moved from Jakarta to another country for business trip. she did adaptation with new people. She did activities with new friends (Halliday, 1984).

DISCUSSION
Halliday (2014) divided metaphor of modality into two categories, namely modalization (probability and usuality) and modulation (obligation and inclination). The findings of the study showed that all the categories used in novel. It was because in Vina"s activities many used realization of metaphor of modality in her daily live. Realization metaphor of modality of probability was 50,65%, usuality 31,10%, obligation 18,25%. The data taken from the content of novel. Probability, Vina used "think (subjective explicit)" because she gave her opinion with her friends. "will (subjective implicit)" because she has planning with her friends.
"probably (objective explicit) because she is not sure with other people. In usuallity, Vina also used "will (subjetive implicit)" because she has planning with her friends. "usually (objective explicit)" because she has custom in her home and with her friends in Singapore. In obligation, Vina used "want (subjective explicit)" because she has wish with her friends. "should (subjective implicit)" because has wish with her friends.
"expected (objective implicit)" because she has hope with her friends and other around her. In inclination, Vina only used "will (subjective implicit)" [obligation] the roads should pay for themselves, like the railways. (4) [inclination] voters won't pay taxes any more. It is different from Halliday in probability and inclination.
It was different ways to analyze metaphor of modality. It was not only analyze types of metaphor of modality but also it can analyze from other side like the function of metaphor of modality in oral and written form. Another differences was between metaphor and modality and modality used in novel. It was very different from the pattern of analysis.
Modality has different category and metaphor of modality also has different pattern and category. According to Halliday (1994) Category in modality were ability (can/could), permission (can/could, may/might), obligation (must, ought to, shall, should), possibility (may/might), and prediction (will/shall). Meanwhile, in metaphor of modality also has different pattern and category of modality such as probability (think, will, probably, likely), usuality (will, usually, usual), obligation (want, should, supposed, expected), and inclination (undertake, will, keen, pleasure). It is certainly has different findings and to other text types such English magazine/newspaper also different because we can see from the patterns in each category. Differences between metaphor of modality in novel and other literary text only seen from the findings because although analyzed in other text such as in newspaper, English magazine, novel or other literary text used the same pattern as the pattern that Halliday used.
Because this is analysis, so whatever text analyzed with the pattern that have been given. The social context can affect the use of metaphor of Metaphor of modality included in interpersonal function.Interpersonal function deals with the social and power relations among language users, It relates participant"s situational roles to the discourse produced (Halliday, 1981). Social context known as social environment, means the immediate physical setting in which people were raised. It includes the culture they were raised in and the groups they interact with.

CONCLUSION
Based on the data analysis on the previous chapter, the study made it possible to arrive the following conclusion; 1. In Vina"s novel found that probability 50,65% with 109 occurences most dominant that usuality and obligation. In probability there were think, will, and probably. In another realization there were usually, want, should, usual, supposed and expected. It means that Vina used almost all the pattern in her daily life with her friends. In our daily live almost used all the patterns of metaphor of modality.
Someone who wrote the novel certainly described everything that she/he feel, she/he did in her/his activities in order to the reader know about her/him. From metaphor of modality, the reader can describe the author"s characteristics. For example, "usually " can describe the author"s daily activities whether she/he has good or bad activities. "will'" can describe good or bad planning/future events of author. "think " can describe good or bad ideas of the author and "expected" can describe all wishes author on her daily live in novel.
2. The use of metaphor of modality was realized by the categoryprobability (think, will and probably) is the most common used in novel. The most dominant of the type metaphor of modality was will with 78 occurences. It means that in our daily live many plans to the future event. The use of think, want and should indicates to convey the writer"s opinion toward events then it was followed by the use of usually to realize the writer"s attitude toward someone or event. Then it was followed by the use probably to indicates the possibility of the events that will happen. Then it was followed by the use of expected that indicates someone"s wish or want in novel. The useful of this metaphor of modality is to describe characteristics of the writer and the person who involved in novel.
3. Metaphor of modality related to interpersonal function. All that related to modality include in interpersonal function. It was based on the systemic functional grammar. Interpersonal function deals with the social and power relations among language users, it relates participant"s situational roles to the discourse produced (Halliday, 1981).