Article Sidebar

Submitted
Jun 19, 2023
Published
Nov 24, 2023
Download
pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 675 Download : 727

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study focuses on discussing the debate around the ideal format of the general election system in Indonesia, between open, closed, and mixed proportional systems. There are three research questions raised in this study, how is the application of a proportional system in the dynamics of elections in Indonesia? What are the weaknesses and strengths of implementing a proportional electoral system in Indonesia, both with open and closed systems? Is it possible for two electoral proportional systems (open and closed) to be mated into a new system, a mixed proportional system, for example? This research was conducted based on a qualitative approach. The sources and types of data used are secondary data, especially those from library materials such as books, journals, previous research results, and information media, both print and online. After analyzing field data based on the perspective of political sociology theory, this study found the finding that since it was first held in 1955, elections in Indonesia have used a proportional system to date, starting from a closed system and then moving on to an open system. At the practical level, both of these approaches have weaknesses. Closed proportionality tends to weaken people's participation, while open proportionality makes political parties not optimally carry out their party functions. In order to bridge this problem, a new approach is needed, one of which is to implement a mixed member proportional (MMP) system. In general, the idea of a mixed proportional system has advantages in terms of strengthening the function of political parties and the participation of the people to directly elect their representatives.

Keywords

Legislative election Indonesia open proportional system closed proportional system mixed proportional system

Article Details

References

  1. Akili, R. H. (2022). Open Proportional Election System According to the Perspective of Constitutional Law. Jurnal Infokum, 10(5).
  2. Alemán, E., Micozzi, J. P., Pinto, P. M., & Saiegh, S. (2021). Constituency Effects and Legislative Dissent Under Closed-List Proportional Representation. Latin American Politics and Society, 63(2), 78–99. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.6
  3. Al-Hamdi, R. (2021). Ideological Cleavage under Open-list Proportional Representation: Parties’ Position toward the 2019 Indonesian Presidential Threshold. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 24(3), 205. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.53514
  4. Al-Hamdi, R., Sakir, S., & Lailam, T. (2021). Evaluating Closed-List Proportional Representation System and its Compatibility in Contemporary Indonesian Election.
  5. Ames, B. (1995). Electoral Strategy under Open-List Proportional Representation. American Journal of Political Science, 39(2), 406–433. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111619
  6. Amrullah, A. (2023, January 8). Pengamat: Sistem Proporsional Tertutup Perkuat Oligarki, Hambat Partisipasi Politik. Republika Online. https://republika.co.id/share/ro5t8a291
  7. Argawati, U. (2023). Open-List Proportional System in Line with Truth and Justice. En.Mkri.Id. https://en.mkri.id/news/details/2023-05-23/Open-List_Proportional_System_in_Line_with_Truth_and_Justice
  8. Baidowi, A. (2023, Mei Baca artikel detiknews, ‘Sistem Pemilu Campuran, Mungkinkah?’ selengkapnya https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-6719163/sistem-pemilu-campuran-mungkinkah. Download Apps Detikcom Sekarang https://apps.detik.com/detik). Sistem Pemilu Campuran, Mungkinkah? detiknews. https://news.detik.com/kolom/d-6719163/sistem-pemilu-campuran-mungkinkah
  9. Banducci, S. A., Donovan, T., & Karp, J. A. (1999). Proportional representation and attitudes about politics: Results from New Zealand1Authors’ names are listed in alphabetical order; authorship is equal.1. Electoral Studies, 18(4), 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-3794(99)00019-0
  10. Bochsler, D. (2023). Balancing District and Party Seats: The Arithmetic of Mixed-Member Proportional Electoral Systems. Electoral Studies, 81, 102557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2022.102557
  11. Budiono, B. (2017). Menggagas Sistem Pemilihan Umum yang Sesuai dengan Sistem Demokrasi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Dunia Hukum, 1(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.35973/jidh.v1i1.605
  12. Buisseret, P., Folke, O., Prato, C., & Rickne, J. (2022). Party Nomination Strategies in List Proportional Representation Systems. American Journal of Political Science, 66(3), 714–729. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12691
  13. C. N. N., I. (2022, November 18). Gugat UU ke MK, Kader PDIP-NasDem Mau Pemilu Coblos Partai Bukan Caleg. nasional. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20221117172138-12-875218/gugat-uu-ke-mk-kader-pdip-nasdem-mau-pemilu-coblos-partai-bukan-caleg
  14. Carey, J. M., & Hix, S. (2011). The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems. American Journal of Political Science, 55(2), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x
  15. Chaidir, E., & Susilo, E. I. (2021). Application of Open Proportional System in Post Amendment Legislative Elections Basic Law of the Republic of Indonesia Year 1945. Eduvest – Journal of Universal Studies, 9(1).
  16. Cheibub, J. A., & Sin, G. (2020). Preference vote and intra-party competition in open list PR systems. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 70–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819893024
  17. Dow, J. K. (2011). Party-System Extremism in Majoritarian and Proportional Electoral Systems. British Journal of Political Science, 41(2), 341–361. Cambridge Core. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000360
  18. Evendia, M., Yasir, A., Neta, Y., & Firmansyah, A. A. (2020). The Legal Politics of Recall Right of Political Parties Relevance with the System of Popular Sovereignty In Dynamics of the Constitution of Indonesia. Pattimura Law Journal, 5(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.47268/palau.v5i1.477
  19. Fink-Hafner, D., & Novak, M. (2022). Party Fragmentation, the Proportional System and Democracy in Slovenia. Political Studies Review, 20(4), 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/14789299211059450
  20. Halim, A. (2014). Dampak Sistem Proporsional Terbuka terhadap Perilaku Politik; Studi Kasus Masyarakat Sumenep Madura dalam Pemilihan Legislatif 2014. 9.
  21. Hannan, A. (2022). Regulasi Dana Kampanye Kolektif untuk Pemilu yang Transparan Dana Berkeadilan Perspektif Sistem Proporsional Terbuka. Jurnal Partisipatoris, 4(1), 9–24. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jurnalpartisipatoris/article/view/19517
  22. Hannan, A., & Busahwi, B. (2021). Problem Politik Kabinet Koalisi; Konflik Kepentingan Hingga Konflik Internal Partai Politik. KABILAH : Journal of Social Community, 6(2), 49–69. http://ejournal.kopertais4.or.id/madura/index.php/kabilah/article/view/5392
  23. Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., & Mills, J. (2017). Case Study Research: Foundations and Methodological Orientations. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung / Forum: Qualitative Social Research, Vol 18, No 1 (2017). https://doi.org/10.17169/FQS-18.1.2655
  24. Hicks, J. (2022). Effect Of Closed List Proportional Representation On The Election Of Women And Youth. Institute of Development Studies.
  25. Jama, S. R. (2021). The Essence of Civil Society in Democracy. JED (Jurnal Etika Demokrasi), 6(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.26618/jed.v6i1.4369
  26. Jati, W. R. (2021). From Rational to Irrational Behaviour: The Shift in Indonesian Voting Behaviour After Reformasi Era. Politica, 12(2).
  27. Joseph, T. M. (2008). Mixed Member Proportional System as an Alternative to the Indian Electoral System. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 69(1), 183–190. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41856403
  28. Khudoley, D., & Khudoley, K. (2020). Fundamental Principles of Electoral Law as Implemented In Electoral Systems. Вестник Пермского Университета. Юридические Науки, 442–475. https://doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2020-49-442-475
  29. Kselman, D. M. (2020). Public goods equilibria under closed- and open-list proportional representation. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32(1), 112–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629819895808
  30. Kurnianingrum, R. I. (2020). Reconsidering the Closed Proportional System for Indonesia. JPPUMA Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Sosial Politik Universitas Medan Area, 8(2), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.31289/jppuma.v8i2.3563
  31. Leemann, L., & Mares, I. (2014). The Adoption of Proportional Representation. The Journal of Politics, 76(2), 461–478. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381613001394
  32. Lita Tyesta A.L.W, R. H., Mega Putri Rahayu*,. (2017). Sistem Proporsional dalam Pemilihan Umum Legislatif di Indonesia. Diponegoro Law Journal; Vol 6, No 2 (2017): Volume 6 Nomor 2, Tahun 2017DO - 10.14710/Dlj.2017.17295. https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/article/view/17295
  33. Lundberg, T. C. (2013). Politics is Still an Adversarial Business: Minority Government and Mixed-Member Proportional Representation in Scotland and in New Zealand. The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 15(4), 609–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2012.00522.x
  34. Mayorga, R. (2003). Electoral Reform in Bolivia: Origins of the Mixed‐Member Proportional System (pp. 194–208). https://doi.org/10.1093/019925768X.003.0010
  35. Mayorga, R. A. (2003). The Mixed‐Member Proportional System and Its Consequences in Bolivia. In M. S. Shugart & M. P. Wattenberg (Eds.), Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/019925768X.003.0020
  36. Monroe, B. L. (1995). Fully Proportional Representation. The American Political Science Review, 89(4), 925–940. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/2082518
  37. Monroe, B. L., & Rose, A. G. (2002). Electoral Systems and Unimagined Consequences: Partisan Effects of Districted Proportional Representation. American Journal of Political Science, 46(1), 67–89. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.2307/3088415
  38. Mulgan, R. G. (1968). Defining ‘Democracy’. Political Science, 20(2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/003231876802000201
  39. Nasrudin Yahya, A. (2023, January 9). 8 Parpol Tolak Sistem Proporsional Tertutup, Pengamat: Bentuk Perlawanan Terbuka. KOMPAS.com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/01/09/13374761/8-parpol-tolak-sistem-proporsional-tertutup-pengamat-bentuk-perlawanan
  40. Nurhasim, M. (2014). Fisibilitas Sistem Pemilu Campuran: Upaya Memperkuat Sistem Presidensial di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 11(1).
  41. Pahlevi, I. (2014). Dinamika Sistem Pemilu Masa Transisi di Indonesia. Jurnal Politica, 5(2).
  42. Parker, D. C., & Richter, C. M. (2018). Back from Holyrood: How mixed-member proportional representation and ballot structure shape the personal vote. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(3), 674–692. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148118762279
  43. Patel, S. L. (2011). Reinventing Local Governments: People’s Participation and Empowerment. The Indian Journal of Political Science, 72(2), 403–407. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42761425
  44. Rahat, G., Hazan, R. Y., & Katz, R. S. (2008). Democracy and Political Parties: On the Uneasy Relationships between Participation, Competition and Representation. Party Politics, 14(6), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808093405
  45. Rahma, N. M. (2022). Review Buku sebuah Pembelajaran untuk Pemilu yang Akan Datang. Jurnal Penelitian Politik, 9(1).
  46. Rais, A. M. S., Wahidin, S., Nurita, R. F., & Rifandhana, R. F. (2019). Analisis Asas Hukum Langsung, Umum, Bebas, Rahasia, Jujur, Adil dalam Pemilihan Umum Serentak Tahun 2019. 2(2).
  47. Rantau, M. I. (2019). Penguatan Sistem Presidensial di Indonesia: Analisis Terhadap Undang Undang No 7 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemilihan Umum. Jurnal Penelitian dan Karya Ilmiah, 19(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.33592/pelita.Vol19.Iss2.120
  48. Reynolds, A., Reilly, B., & Ellis, A. (2016). Desain Sistem Pemilu: Buku Panduan Baru International IDEA. International IDEA.
  49. Sadikin, U. H. (2023, January 19). Dua Masalah Sistem Pemilu. Dua Masalah Sistem Pemilu. https://www.electionhouse.org/post/read/129/two-problems-of-the-indonesian-electoral-system
  50. Sarah, S., & Suatmiati, S. (2017). General Election System in Indonesia Based on Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7 of 2017. 7.
  51. Söderlund, P., von Schoultz, Å., & Papageorgiou, A. (2021). Coping With Complexity: Ballot Position Effects in the Finnish Open-List Proportional Representation System. Electoral Studies, 71, 102330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102330
  52. Speroni di Fenizio, P., & Gewurz, D. A. (2019). The space of all proportional voting systems and the most majoritarian among them. Social Choice and Welfare, 52(4), 663–683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-018-1166-9
  53. Syafei, M., & Darajati, M. R. (2020). Design of General Election in Indonesia. Law Reeform, 16(1), 97–111. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v16i1.30308
  54. Syakirun, N. (2023, January 8). Kadernya Ajukan Judicial Review Sistem Pemilu, PDI-P: Kami Hormati Apapun Putusan MK. KOMPAS.com. https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/01/08/17291311/kadernya-ajukan-judicial-review-sistem-pemilu-pdi-p-kami-hormati-apapun
  55. Tambunan, D. (2023). The Intervention of Oligarchy in the Indonesian Legislative Process. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 20578911231159396. https://doi.org/10.1177/20578911231159395
  56. Tanjung, T. (2023). Getting to Know the Open Proportional System in Indonesia Towards the 2024 General Election. BULLET : Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu, 2(1), 125–133. https://journal.mediapublikasi.id/index.php/bullet/article/view/2178
  57. Thaheer, M. (2017). Why the Proportional Representation System Fails to Promote Minority Interests? PCD Journal, 2(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.22146/pcd.25722
  58. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, & Kapsa, I. (2015). The weaknesses of majority voting systems. A voice in the discussion on the proposed changes in the Polish voting system. Świat Idei i Polityki, 14, 148–168. https://doi.org/10.15804/siip201509
  59. Vedi R. Hadiz & Richard Robison. (2013). The Political Economy of Oligarchy and the Reorganization of Power in Indonesia. Indonesia, 96, 35–57. JSTOR. https://doi.org/10.5728/indonesia.96.0033
  60. Veri, J. (2012). Pengaturan Dana Kampanye Pemilu: Mau Dibawa Kemana? Yayasan Perludem.
  61. Wahyu, Y. (2020, October 1). Mempertimbangkan Sistem Pemilu Campuran. kompas.id. https://www.kompas.id/baca/riset/2020/10/02/mempertimbangkan-sistem-pemilu-campuran
  62. Widayat, R. M., Nurmandi, A., Rosilawati, Y., Natshir, H., Syamsurrijal, M., & Baharuddin, T. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization Articles on Presidential Election in Social Media. 1st World Conference on Social and Humanities Research (W-SHARE 2021), Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220402.032