Main Article Content
Abstract
Illegal abortion remains a problem in many countries, medically, ethically and legally. Although it restricts the practice of abortion, Islamic law does not question its legality. This study aims to analyse the criminalisation of abortion in Islamic criminal law after 120 days of pregnancy. This article is a normative legal research with a conceptual approach. The results of this study indicate that Islamic law gives full respect to the right to life of a person, including the right to life of the foetus. However, Islamic legal scholars differ on the priorities in safeguarding the lives of pregnant women and foetuses. Islamic legal scholars differ on the criminalisation of abortion. For abortions performed under 120 days of age, the perpetrator is not subject to criminal sanctions. Abortion above 120 days is prohibited except where there are compelling medical, ethical and legal reasons to do so. In cases of rape that result in pregnancy, women have the full right to abortion at any gestational age. Nevertheless, women are still subject to sanctions in the form of kaffarat and diyat al-ghurrah. This aims to prevent people from easily performing abortions.
Keywords
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
- Adinda, Permata. ‘Kebijakan Aborsi Berbalut Stigma: Ketika Layanan Kesehatan Tidak Berpihak Pada Hak Korban Kekerasan Seksual’. Project Multatuli, 27 September 2023. https://projectmultatuli.org/kebijakan-aborsi-berbalut-stigma-ketika-layanan-kesehatan-tidak-berpihak-pada-hak-korban-kekerasan-seksual/.
- Aeniwati, Zahri, and Sri Kusriyah. ‘Criminal Responsibility towards Criminals of Abortion in Indonesia’. Law Development Journal 3, no. 1 (7 March 2021): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.30659/ldj.3.1.9-18.
- Aini, Mega, M. Tamudin, and Jumanah Jumanah. ‘Tinjauan Hukum Pidana Islam Terhadap Pelaku Penyertaan Tindakpidana Aborsi Dalam Putusan Nomor Perkara 1106/Pid.Sus/2018/Pn.Plg’. Ta’zir: Jurnal Hukum Pidana 5, no. 2 (2021): 181–97. https://doi.org/10.19109/ta'zir.v5i2.17901.
- Aisyah, Sri, and Zainal Azwar. ‘KELUARGA BERENCANA (Studi Analisis Fatwa Ali Jum’ah Dalam Kitab Al-Fatâwâ Al-Islâmiyyah)’. Jurnal AL-AHKAM 11, no. 2 (21 December 2020): 103–18. https://doi.org/10.15548/alahkam.v11i2.2168.
- Akbar, Aidil. ‘Faktor Penyebab Abortus Di Indonesia Tahun 2010-2019: Studi Meta Analisis’. Jurnal Biomedik:JBM 11, no. 3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.35790/jbm.11.3.2019.26660.
- Al-Bar, Mohammad Ali. ‘Abortion: Shafi’i Perspective’. In Abortion: Global Positions and Practices, Religious and Legal Perspectives, edited by Alireza Bagheri, 147–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63023-2_12.
- Anand, Ayush, Ashwini Gupta, Punita Yadav, and Pappu Rijal. ‘Suspected Illegal Abortion and Unsafe Abortion Leading to Uterine Rupture and Incomplete Abortion: A Case Report’. Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) 84 (December 2022): 104933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104933.
- Ansori, Ansori, Mughni Labib, and Marwadi Marwadi. ‘Reformulation of Islamic Law in Indonesia: Study on Indonesian Ulama Councilâ€TMs Fatwa’. Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 4, no. 2 (13 July 2021): 157–75. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v4i2.15604.
- Ardianto, Ari, and Achmad Hariri. ‘Perlindungan Hukum Atas Pengguguran Kandungan Korban Pemerkosaan Di Tinjau Dari Hukum Nasional’. Media of Law and Sharia 2, no. 3 (3 July 2021): 218–37. https://doi.org/10.18196/mls.v2i3.11535.
- Ariyad, Fikri, and Ali Masyhar. ‘Abortion by Rape Victim: A Dilemma in the Drat of Penal Code and Indonesian Health Law’. Journal of Law and Legal Reform 1, no. 4 (31 July 2020): 631–40. https://doi.org/10.15294/jllr.v1i4.39659.
- Aufi, Ahmad Umam, and Maila Shofa Maghfiroh. ‘The Use of Coal Fossil Energy of Mashlahah Perspective and Hifdz Al-Nafs al-Ghazali Principles’. Jurnal Fuaduna : Jurnal Kajian Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan 6, no. 2 (31 December 2022): 133–47. https://doi.org/10.30983/fuaduna.v6i2.5140.
- Bariyah Fayumi. ‘Hukum Aborsi dalam Perspektif Islam’. Kupipedia, May 2004. https://kupipedia.id/index.php/Hukum_Aborsi_dalam_Perspektif_Islam.
- Batubara, Chuzaimah. ‘Qishâsh: Hukuman Mati Dalam Perspektif Al-Quran’. MIQOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 34, no. 2 (2 December 2010). https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v34i2.204.
- Ekmekci, Perihan Elif. ‘Abortion in Islamic Ethics, and How It Is Perceived in Turkey: A Secular, Muslim Country’. Journal of Religion and Health 56, no. 3 (June 2017): 884–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0277-9.
- Fatahaya, Shafira, and Rosalia Dika Agustanti. ‘Legalitas Aborsi Yang Dilakukan Oleh Anak Akibat Perkosaan Inses’. JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 4, no. 2 (5 November 2021): 504–24. https://doi.org/10.26623/julr.v4i2.4041.
- Fidawaty, Linda. ‘Aborsi Dalam Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Hukum Islam (Analisis Terhadap Peraturan Pemerintah No. 61 Tahun 2014 Tentang Kesehatan Reproduksi)’. Al-’Adalah 14, no. 1 (2017): 107–30. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v14i1.2930.
- Fitrian, Andri Nirwana dan Zaglul. ‘PENALARAN ISTISLAHI TERHADAP TINDAKAN EUTHANASIA BERBASIS AYAT-AYAT AHKAM’. Al-Munir: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir 2, no. 01 (11 May 2020): 107–46. https://doi.org/10.24239/al-munir.v2i01.49.
- Getahun, Genanew Kassie, Muluneh Kidane, Wubalem Fekade, Tewodros Shitemaw, and Zelalem Negash. ‘Exploring the Reasons for Unsafe Abortion among Women in the Reproductive Age Group in Western Ethiopia’. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 22 (1 July 2023): 101301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101301.
- Gurusinga, Hannisya. ‘Sanksi Pelaku Aborsi dalam Tinjauan Hukum Pidana Islam dan Pasal 346 KUHP (Studi Analisis Putusan No. 569/Pid.Sus/2017/PN Tenggarong)’. Al-Qanun: Jurnal Kajian Sosial dan Hukum Islam 1, no. 3 (28 September 2020): 221–44.
- Haq, Vick Ainun, Adella Dewi Nur’aini, and Amirudin Amirudin. ‘Islamic Study On The Law Of Husbands Forcing Wives To Have Abortions Due To Economic Factors’. An-Nawa: Jurnal Studi Islam 4, no. 2 (27 December 2022): 147–60. https://doi.org/10.37758/annawa.v4i2.530.
- Hedayat, K M, P Shooshtarizadeh, and M Raza. ‘Therapeutic Abortion in Islam: Contemporary Views of Muslim Shiite Scholars and Effect of Recent Iranian Legislation’. Journal of Medical Ethics 32, no. 11 (November 2006): 652–57. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.2005.015289.
- HI, Muh Yunan Putra, Lc , M. Aborsi Hasil Pemerkosaan (Analisis Metode Istinbath Hukum Ulama Salaf dan Khalaf). Penerbit Adab, 2021.
- Hrp, Mhd Wahyu Prawira. ‘Pertimbangan Hakim Dalam Menjatuhkan Putusan Terhadap Anak Korban Perkosaan Yang Melakukan Aborsi (Studi Perbandingan Putusan Nomor 6/Pid.Sus- Anak/2018/Pt.Jmb Dan Putusan Nomor 5/Pid.Sus- Anak/2018/Pn.Mbn)’. Brawijaya Law Student Journal, 19 May 2022. http://hukum.studentjournal.ub.ac.id/index.php/hukum/article/view/4681.
- Hudiyani, Zulfa. ‘Diskursus Aborsi Dalam Perspektif Fikih Klasik Dan Kontemporer’. Al-Ahwal Al-Syakhsiyyah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Dan Peradilan Islam 2, no. 1 (30 March 2021): 43–61. https://doi.org/10.15575/as.v2i1.12172.
- ilham. ‘Kebolehan Aborsi Untuk Korban Kejahatan Seksual’. Muhammadiyah (blog), 7 December 2021. https://muhammadiyah.or.id/kebolehan-aborsi-untuk-korban-kejahatan-seksual/.
- Jozkowski, Kristen N., Lucrecia Mena-Meléndez, Brandon L. Crawford, and Ronna C. Turner. ‘Abortion Stigma: Attitudes Toward Abortion Responsibility, Illegal Abortion, and Perceived Punishments of “Illegal Abortion”’. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 4 July 2023, 03616843231181350. https://doi.org/10.1177/03616843231181350.
- Khitamy, Badawy A. B. ‘Divergent Views on Abortion and the Period of Ensoulment’. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal 13, no. 1 (February 2013): 26–31.
- Komisi Nasional Perempuan Republilk Indonesia. ‘Mewujudkan Akses Dan Layanan Aborsi Aman Legal Bagi Perempuan Korban Perkosaan Sebagai Upaya Pemenuhan HAM Perempuan’. Komnas Perempuan | Komisi Nasional Anti Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan, 29 September 2021. https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/siaran-pers-komnas-perempuan-memperingati-hari-aborsi-aman-internasional-28-september-jakarta-29-september-2021.
- Lisnawati, Lilis, Mirra Noor Milla, and Dicky C. Pelupessy. ‘Urgensi Perubahan Kebijakan Aborsi di Indonesia’. Deviance Jurnal Kriminologi 3, no. 1 (1 June 2019): 24–36.
- Malta, Monica, Samantha Wells, Sara LeGrand, Michele Seixas, Angelica Baptista, Cosme Marcelo Furtado Passos da Silva, Clarisse Kalume, and Kathryn Whetten. ‘Abortion in Brazil: The Case for Women’s Rights, Lives, and Choices’. The Lancet Public Health 4, no. 11 (1 November 2019): e552. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30204-X.
- Maridjan, Gracia Novena. ‘Aborsi Dalam Penerapan Hukum Pidana Di Indonesia’. LEX CRIMEN 8, no. 6 (21 October 2019). https://ejournal.unsrat.ac.id/v3/index.php/lexcrimen/article/view/25940.
- Mentari, Vennya Agna, Trio Lukmanul Havid, Iiz Tazul Aripin, Zaenul Mufti, and Ade Jamarudin. ‘Hukum Keluarga Di Indonesia Dalam Fatwa Bahsul Masail Nahdlatul Ulama (NU)’. Qiyas : Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Peradilan 8, no. 2 (2023): 227–39. https://doi.org/10.29300/qys.v8i2.12229.
- Molloy, Ms Katrina, Lucy Cho, Mr Edmund Silins, and Phillip Read. ‘O4 - Providing Unplanned Pregnancy Care and Early Medical Abortion to Marginalised Groups at the Kirketon Road Centre (KRC) - a Walk in Targeted Primary Health Care Service in Kings Cross, Sydney’. Women and Birth, Australian College of Midwives National Conference - Together at the Top, 13 September – 15 September 2022, Cairns, QLD, Australia, 35 (1 September 2022): 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.07.010.
- Muhammad, Ali Jumah. ‘Ruling on aborting the foetus after 120 days due to the risk to the mother’s life’. Dar Ifta al-Mishriyyah, 2010. https://www.dar-alifta.org/ar/fatawa/18140/حكم-اجهاض-الجنين-بعد-يوما-لوجود-خطر-على-حياة-الام.
- Musolli, Musolli. ‘Maqasid Syariah: Kajian Teoritis Dan Aplikatif Pada Isu-Isu Kontemporer’. AT-TURAS: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 5, no. 1 (23 September 2018): 60–81. https://doi.org/10.33650/at-turas.v5i1.324.
- Nabilah, Wardatun, and Zahratul Hayah. ‘Filosofi Kemaslahatan Dalam Aksiologi Hukum Islam (telaah Kitab Maqashid Syariah)’. El -Hekam 7, no. 1 (3 October 2023): 39–49. https://doi.org/10.31958/jeh.v7i1.5810.
- Nur, Muhammad Tahmid. ‘Justice in Islamic Criminal Law: Study of the Concept and Meaning of Justice in The Law of Qiṣāṣ’. Asy-Syir’ah: Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah dan Hukum 55, no. 2 (15 October 2021): 335–65. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajish.v55i2.1011.
- Nurhaidi, Dadi. ‘Aborsi Dalam Perspektif Kajian Hadis’. Musãwa Jurnal Studi Gender Dan Islam 2, no. 2 (30 September 2003): 131–49. https://doi.org/10.14421/musawa.2003.22.131-149.
- Octaviani, Risma, Amrullah Hayatudin, and Asep Ramdan Hidayat. ‘Analisis Hukum Aborsi Menurut Fatwa MUI Dan PP Nomor 61 Tahun 2014’. Jurnal Riset Hukum Keluarga Islam, 31 July 2023, 35–40. https://doi.org/10.29313/jrhki.vi.1939.
- Putri, Endrika Widdia. ‘Memahami Hak Untuk Hidup Dalam Islam Berdasarkan Deklarasi Kairo’. Legalite : Jurnal Perundang Undangan Dan Hukum Pidana Islam 5, no. 1 (10 September 2020): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.32505/legalite.v5i1.1908.
- Putri, Zahfa Lisnaeni, and Naqiyah Naqiyah. ‘Kontekstualisasi QS Al-Isrā (17): 31 Tentang Larangan Pembunuhan Anak Pendekatan Tafsir Kontekstual Abdullah Saeed’. MAGHZA: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir 8, no. 1 (30 June 2023): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.24090/maghza.v8i1.7963.
- Raisuni, Ahmad al-. Nazhariyyât Al-Maqâshid ‘Inda al-Syathibi. Rabat: Dâr al-Amân, 1991.
- Rashidpouraie, Roya, Marzieh Vahid Dastjerdi, Ahmad Shojaei, Saeedeh Saeeditehrani, Mohammadnader Sharifi, Kobra Joodaki, Shahriar Moosavinejad, et al. ‘Complications of Illegal Abortion in the Suburbs of Tehran: A 9-Year Cross-Sectional Study’. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 26 (2021): 89. https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_141_20.
- Romli, Dewani. ‘Aborsi Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam (suatu Kajian Komparatif)’. Al-’Adalah 10, no. 2 (28 February 2017): 157–64. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v10i2.251.
- Saifuddin, Suhaizad, Azizah Mat Rashid, Adibah Bahori, and Mohamad Azhan Yahya. ‘Peranan Undang-Undang Syariah Di Malaysia Dalam Melindungi Hak Kanak-Kanak Berdasarkan Maqasid Al-Shari’ah: The Role of Syariah Law of Malaysia In Protecting The Children’s Rights Based on Maqasid Al-Shari’ah’. Journal of Muwafaqat 4, no. 1 (30 April 2021): 93–109.
- Sampebulu, Hariansi Panimba. ‘Abortion: A Review on Indonesia Regulations’: Rechtsidee 6, no. 1 (7 December 2019): 10.21070/jihr.2019.6.73-10.21070/jihr.2019.6.73. https://doi.org/10.21070/jihr.2019.6.73.
- Sedgh, Gilda, and Haley Ball. ‘Abortion in Indonesia’. Issues in Brief (Alan Guttmacher Institute), no. 2 (September 2008): 1–6.
- Shapiro, Gilla K. ‘Abortion Law in Muslim-Majority Countries: An Overview of the Islamic Discourse with Policy Implications’. Health Policy and Planning 29, no. 4 (1 July 2014): 483–94. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czt040.
- Sucahyo, Nurhadi. ‘Menyoal KUHP Baru dan Aborsi bagi Perempuan Korban Kekerasan Seksual’. VOA Indonesia, 7 December 2022. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/menyoal-kuhp-baru-dan-aborsi-bagi-perempuan-korban-kekerasan-seksual/6866115.html.
- Syakirin, Ahmad. ‘Dualisme Abortus Provocatus Dalam Perspektif Regulasi (Perundang-Undangan) Di Indonesia’. Al-Syakhsiyyah: Journal of Law & Family Studies 3, no. 1 (14 July 2021): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21154/syakhsiyyah.v3i1.3008.
- Tia, Wahyu Adi, and Azhar Azhar. ‘Hukum Menggugurkan Janin Sebelum Ditiupkan Ruh Menurut Imam An-Nawawi Ad-Dimasyqi’. Quality: Journal Of Islamic Studies 2, no. 1 (20 February 2023): 20–27.
- Toriquddin, Moh. ‘Teori Maqâshid Syarî’ah Perspektif Al-Syatibi’. De Jure: Jurnal Hukum Dan Syar’iah 6, no. 1 (30 June 2014). https://doi.org/10.18860/j-fsh.v6i1.3190.
- VandeVusse, Alicia J., Jennifer Mueller, Marielle Kirstein, Joe Strong, and Laura D. Lindberg. ‘“Technically an Abortion”: Understanding Perceptions and Definitions of Abortion in the United States’. Social Science & Medicine 335 (1 October 2023): 116216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116216.
- Warjiyati, Sri. ‘Aborsi Pada Masa Iddah Wanita Hamil Untuk Mempercepat Perkawinan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam’. Al-Ahwal: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga Islam 12, no. 1 (24 June 2019): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.14421/ahwal.2019.12104.
- Wijayati, Mufliha. ‘Aborsi Akibat Kehamilan Yang Tak Diinginkan (Ktd): Kontestasi Antara Pro-Live Dan Pro-Choice’. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 15, no. 1 (6 April 2017): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.2jujum4042/ajsk.v15i1.712.
- Wulandari, Wika. ‘Iddah of Women Who Had Abortus In The Book of Mughni Al-Muhtaj and Mukhtashar Khalil in Perspective of Maqasid Shari’ah’. JURNAL ILMIAH MIZANI: Wacana Hukum, Ekonomi, Dan Keagamaan 8, no. 1 (29 September 2021): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.29300/mzn.v8i1.3660.
- Yulfianto, Ade, and Fullah Jumaynah. ‘Melawan Kredo Aborsi: “Gerakan Abortion Is Not A Crime Sebagai Sebuah Wacana Tandingan”’. Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi 3, no. 2 (25 October 2016): 59–69. https://doi.org/10.22146/jps.v3i2.23536.