Main Article Content
Abstract
The rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs\ (masculinity and femininity) formulated by classical interpretation don't adhere to the principle of equality. This is triggered by exclusivity of men as a necessity of applying these rules, which causes superiority of male (muzakkar) and inferiority of women (mu'annas). This paper aims to illustrate the rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs in the classical period, how the current reconstruction was, and what motives inspired the reconstruction. With Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolution, this literature research finds that the rule of al-taz\kîr and al-ta'nîs\ was originally adopted from Arabic grammar, and it's full of male superiority. Then, experiencing a shift, which was initially partial because it was only oriented towards language, into a theory of equality with its various forms that were more responsive to women. The theories chronologically include maqasid musawah (Ibn 'Ashur, w. 1973), the reciprocal theory of the Prophet's hadith (Abu Shuqqah, w. 1995), and Qira'ah Mubadalah (Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir). In addition, the motive for this shift is that the rule of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs is unable to answer the problem of gender inequality, so reconstruction efforts need to be carried out..
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
- ‘Ashur, Muhammad TÄhir bi, MaqÄsid Al-Sharî’ah Al-IslÄmiyyah. Beirut: DÄr al-KitÄb Libanonî, 2011.
- ’Aqîl, Ibnu, Ibnu ’Aqîl ’AlÄ Alfiyah Ibn MÄlik. Surabaya: Nûr al-HudÄ.
- Abû ‘Abd AllÄh Muh}ammad JamÄl al-Dîn bin MÄlik, Nazm Al-KhulÄsah Alfiyyah Ibn Al-MÄlik. Kwagean: At-Tsurayya.
- Adnan, Gunawan. Women and the Glorious QurʾÄn: An Analytical Study of Women Related Verses of SÅ«ra An-Nisaʾ. German: Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2004.
- Ahmad, Zakaria, Ilmu Nahwu Praktis. Garut: Ibnu Azka Press, 2004.
- Al-Ali, Nadje, ‘Gender and Civil Society in the Middle East’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, 5 no. 2 (2003): 216-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461674 032000080576.
- Al-BukhÄrî, Abû ’Abd ’Allah Muhammad bin IsmÄ’îl, Sahîh Al-BukhÄrî. Damaskus: Dar Ibn al-Kathîr, 2002.
- Al-NajjÄr, Muhammad ’Abd al-’Azîz, ManÄr Al-SÄlik IlÄ Awdah Al-MasÄlik. Kairo: Matba’ah al-FujÄlah al-Jadîdah.
- Al-Razi, Fakr al-Din, Al-Tafsir Al-Kabir .Teheran: Dar al-Kutub al-’Ilmiyyah.
- Al-Yassu’i, Louis Ma’luf al-Yassu’i dan Bernand Tottel, Al-Munjid Fi Al-Lughah. Beirut: Dar al-Mashriq, 2007.
- Al-Zamakhshari, Al-Khashshaf ’an Haqa’iq Al-Tanzil Wa ’Uyun Al-Aqawil Fi Wujuh Al-Ta’wil. Beirut: Dar Kitab al-’Arabi.
- Amina Wadud Muhsin, Quran Menurut Perempuan (Membaca Kembali Kitab Suci Dengan Semangat Keadilan) .Jakarta: PT Serambi Ilmu Semesta, 2006.
- Anam, Khoirul. ‘Perempuan Perspektif Tafsir Klasik dan Kontemporer’, Journal de Jure, Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum 2 no. 2, (2010): 138-143 https://doi.org/ 10.18860/j-fsh.v2i2.2974>.
- Anggoro, Taufan, "Konsep Kesetaraan Gender Dalam Islam", Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies 15 no. 1 (2019): 129–134 https://doi. org/DOI 10.18196/AIIJIS.2019.0098.129-134>.
- Dkk., M Yusron, Studi Kitab Tafsir Kontemporer (Yogyakarta: TH-Press, 2006)
- Dozan, Wely,"Analisis Pergeseran Shifting Paradigm Penafsiran: Studi Komparatif Tafsir Era Klasik Dan Kontemporer" , Jurnal At-Tibyan: Jurnal Ilmu Alqur’an Dan Tafsir 5 no.1 (2020): 38-56. https://doi.org/10.32505/tibyan.v5i1.1631
- Dewi, Ernita. "Pemikiran Amina Wadud Tentang Rekonstruksi Penafsiran", Substantia Substantia 15 no.2, (2013): 145-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/substantia.v15i2 .4891.
- Harun, Salman, ‘Perkembangan Saintifik Ilmu Qawa’id al-Tafsir’, Journal of Qur’an and H}adith Studies, 3 (2014), 17–40
- Ismail, Nurjannah, "Rekonstruksi Tafsir Perempuan: Membangun Tafsir Berkeadilan Gender (Studi Kritis Atas Pemikiran Asghar Ali Engineer, Fatima Mernissi Dan Amina Wadud Muhshin Tentang Perempuan Dalam Islam)",Gender Equality: Internasional Journal of Child and Gender Studies 1 no.1 (2015): 39-50. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22373/equality.v1i1.778
- Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, Al-Itqan Fi ’Ulum Al-Qur’an (Beirut: Risalah Publisher, 2008)
- Kathir, Ibnu, Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-’Azim. Riyad: Dar al-Tayyibah li al-Nashr wa al-Tawzi’, 1999.
- Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, (2013). https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226458106.001.0001.
- Kusroni, Kusroni, ‘Mengenal Ragam Pendekatan, Metode, Dan Corak Dalam Penafsiran Al-Qur’an", Kaca (Karunia Cahaya Allah): Jurnal Dialogis Ilmu Ushuluddin 9 no.1 (2019): 87-104. https://doi.org/ 10.36781/kaca.v9i1.2988.
- Lubis, Akhyar Yusuf, Filsafat Ilmu: Klasik Hingga Kontemporer. Jakarta: PT RajaGrafindo Persada, 2015.
- Pahri Lubis, " Pembelajaran Nahwu Dengan Nazham Alfiyah Ibn Malik (Studi Kasus Di Pondok Baitul Hikmah Haurkuning Tasik Malaya)", Jurnal Kajian dan Pengembangan Umat 1 no.1 (2018) : 25-42
- Millati, Halya, "Ibnu ‘Asyur’s Maqashidi Interpretation Paradigm and Its Moderation in Equality Discourses", Al-’Abqari: Journal of Islamic Social Sciences and Humanities 23 no.1(2020): 26–47. https://doi.org/10.33102/ abqari.vol22no2.250.
- Muhammad, KH Husein, Fiqh Perempuan: Refleksi Kiai Atas Tafsir Wacana Agama Dan Gender (Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD, 2019)
- Muqoyyidin, Andik Wahyun, ‘Wacana Kesetaraan Gender: Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer Tentang Gerakan Feminisme Islam’, Jurnal Al-Ulum 13 no. 2 (2013) : 491-512
- Muttakin, Ali, ‘Kaidah Kebahasaan Dalam Kajian Tafsir’, Al-Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur’an Dan Tafsir 1 no.1, (2016): 79-90. https://doi.org/10.15575/al-bayan.v1i2.1594.
- Nasir, Amin, "Bahasa Arab Era Klasik Dan Modern (Tinjauan Pembelajaran Teoritis)", Arabia: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 6 no.1 (2014): 21–52. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.21043/arabia.v6i1.1393.
- Nurkhalis, "Konstruksi Teori Paradigma Thomas S. Kuhn", Jurnal Ilmiah Islam Futura 11 no. 2 (2012): 79- 99. https://doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v11i02.55.
- Nur, Jabal. ‘Qawa’id Al-Tafsir Hubungannya Dengan Bahasa Arab’, Jurnal Al-Ta’dib 6 no. 2 (2013), 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/atdb.v6i2.302
- Kodir, Faqihuddin Abdul, Qira’ah Mubadalah: Tafsir Progresif Untuk Keadilan Gender Dalam Islam (Yogyakarta: IRCiSoD, 2019)
- Ritzer, Goerge, ‘Konstruksi Sosial Peter L. Berger Dan Thomas Luckmann’, Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda, 1985
- Rozi, A Fahrur, ‘Tafsir Klasik: Analisis Terhadap Kitab Tafsir Era Klasik’, Kaca (Karunia Cahaya Allah): Jurnal Dialogis Ilmu Ushuluddin, 2019. https://doi.org/10.36781/kaca.v9i2.3036.
- Shalahuddin, Henri, and Mohd Fauzi Hamat, "Telaah Kritis Terhadap Dekonstruksi Bahasa Gender Dalam Pengajian Islam", Afkar: Jurnal Akidah & Pemikiran Islam, 14 no. 1 ( 2013): 1-32.
- Shihab, M Quraish, Kaidah Tafsir .Tangerang: Lentera Hati, 2015.
- ———, Rasionalitas Al-Qur’an: Studi Kritis Atas Tafsir Al-Manar. Tangerang: Lentera Hati, 2008.
- Shuqqah, ’Abd al-Halim Muhammad Abu, Tahrir Al-Mar’ah Fi ’Asr Al-Risalah. Kuwait: Dar al-Qalam, 1990.
- Sibawaih, Al-Kitab .Tunisia: Dar Suhnun.
- Sugiyono, Sugeng, ‘Feminisme Di Dunia Muslim: Menguak Akar Perdebatan Antara Paham Konservatif Dan Reformis’, Thaqafiyyat: Jurnal Bahasa, Peradaban Dan Informasi Islam 17 no. 2 (2016): 104-125.
- Ulya, Inayatul, and Nushan Abid, ‘Pemikiran Thomas Kuhn Dan Relevansinya Terhadap Keilmuan Islam’, FIKRAH: Jurnal Ilmu Aqidah Dan Studi Keagamaan 3 no.2 (2015): 249-275.http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v3i2.1797.
- Umar, Nasaruddin, Argumen Kesetaraan Jender Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Jakarta: Paramadina, 2001.
- Zulaiha, Eni, ‘Tafsir Feminis: Sejarah, Paradigma Dan Standar Validitas Tafsir Feminis’, Al-Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur’an Dan Tafsir 1 no.1, (2016): 17-26. https://doi.org/10.15575/al-bayan. v1i1.1671..