Section Articles

Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Liability: Reassessing Mens Rea in the Indonesian and Global Contexts

https://doi.org/10.32505/jurisprudensi.v18i1.12804
Dita Aprianti
ditaaprianti1804@gmail.com (Primary Contact)
Universitas Putera Batam, Indonesia
Padrisan Jamba
Universitas Putera Batam, Indonesia

Article Sidebar

Submitted
Oct 21, 2025
Accepted
Jan 13, 2026
Published
Jan 16, 2026
Download
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 2 Download : 0

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

Ideally, criminal law ensures legal certainty and justice through the concept of mens rea, which links the offender’s mental fault to the criminal act. In reality, however, the rapid development of artificial intelligence demonstrates that AI systems may cause harmful consequences without intent, awareness, or volition comparable to those of humans, thereby challenging the anthropocentric framework of mens rea. This condition gives rise to a responsibility gap, particularly in Indonesia, where comprehensive legal regulation on AI remains limited. This study aims to re-examine the concept of mens rea in criminal law by assessing its relevance to the use of AI in both global and Indonesian contexts, while exploring the possibility of reconstructing a more adaptive model of criminal liability. This article employs library-based research with a qualitative normative approach, analyzing statutory regulations, doctrines of modern criminal law, and literature on Islamic law. The findings indicate that mens rea is not abandoned but requires reconstruction through systemic, risk-based approaches and corporate criminal liability, which are consistent with the principle of maslahah and harm prevention in Islamic law, in order to safeguard substantive justice in the digital era.

Keywords

Mens Rea Artificial Intelligence Criminal Liability

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the Jurisprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, Perundang-undangan dan Ekonomi Islam right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Jurisprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, Perundang-undangan dan Ekonomi Islam published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Aprianti, D., & Jamba, P. (2026). Artificial Intelligence and Criminal Liability: Reassessing Mens Rea in the Indonesian and Global Contexts. Jurisprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah, Perundang-Undangan Dan Ekonomi Islam, 18(1), 106-120. https://doi.org/10.32505/jurisprudensi.v18i1.12804

References

  1. Abbott, R. (2020). The Reasonable Robot: Artificial Intelligence and the Law. Cambridge University Press.
  2. Anggraeny, K. D., Khakim, M., & Sirojudin, M. R. (2025). The urgency of cybercrime law reform in Indonesia: Resolving artificial intelligence criminal liability. Justisi, 11(1), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.33506/js.v11i1.3608
  3. Barfield, W. (2020). The Cambridge Handbook of the Law of Algorithms. Cambridge University Press.
  4. Bhatt, N. (2025). Crimes in the age of artificial intelligence: A hybrid approach to liability and security in the digital era. Journal of Digital Technologies and Law, 3(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.21202/jdtl.2025.3
  5. Budhi, H., & Kade, G. (2022). Artificial Intelligence: Konsep, Potensi Masalah, hingga Pertanggungjawaban Pidana. Jakarta: PT Rajagrafindo Persada.
  6. Cutolo, M. (2024). Corporate criminal liability and artificial intelligence: Doctrinal overview, problems and perspectives. Open Access Journal of Criminology Investigation and Justice, 2(1), 0-0. https://doi.org/10.23880/oajcij-16000122
  7. Dimitrova, R. (2022). Criminal liability associated with artificial intelligence entities under the Bulgarian criminal law. Proceedings of the XXXI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ET55967.2022.9920262
  8. Dwiandari, A. S., & Arifin, R. (2025). Criminal law enforcement on digital identity misuse in AI era for commercial interests in Indonesia. The Indonesian Journal of International Clinical Legal Education, 7(1), 37-66. https://doi.org/10.15294/iccle.v7i1.25525
  9. Ellamey, Y., & Elwakad, A. (2023). The criminal responsibility of artificial intelligence systems: A prospective analytical study. Corporate Law and Governance Review, 5(1), 92.
  10. Fikri, A., & Amelia, T. (2024). Indonesia’s legal policy on protecting personal data from artificial intelligence abuse. SHS Web of Conferences, 204, 07002. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202420407002
  11. Fincan, M. (2023). Artificial intelligence and legal issues: A review of AI-based legal impasses in terms of criminal law.
  12. Fraser, H. L., & Suzor, N. (2024). Locating fault for AI harms: A systems theory of foreseeability, reasonable care and causal responsibility in the AI value chain. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5190797
  13. Ginting, Y. (2025). Akuntabilitas pidana di era penyalahgunaan kecerdasan buatan ditinjau dari asas legalitas. The Prosecutor Law Review, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.64843/prolev.v3i3.78
  14. Habib, Z. (2025). Ethics of artificial intelligence in Maqasid Al-Sharia perspective. Karsa Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 33(1), 105-134.
  15. Hallevy, P. G. (2019). The basic models of criminal liability of AI systems and outer circles. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3402527
  16. Haris, M. T. A. R., & Tantimin, T. (2022). Analisis pertanggungjawaban hukum pidana terhadap pemanfaatan artificial intelligence di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum (JKH), 8(1), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.23887/jkh.v8i1.44408
  17. Hisbuddin, N. F., Muslimah, H., Ramadhani, N., & Kurniati, K. (2025). Konstitusionalisasi nilai-nilai Islam dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum, Politik, dan Ilmu Sosial, 4(4), 118-130. https://doi.org/10.55606/jhpis.v4i4.5766
  18. Hutapea, N. M. S., Sitepu, D. K. C., Damanik, J., & Sianipar, S. K. L. (2026). Artificial intelligence and criminal liability: A preliminary study within the Indonesian legal system. JIHK, 7(2), 688-704. https://doi.org/10.46924/jihk.v7i2.330
  19. Mabsus, M. I. F., Nurfikri, M. F., Marsaben, M. A. A., Tisnanta, H. S., & Prayoga, S. (2025). Rekonstruksi filsafat pemidanaan di era digital: Tantangan moral dan etika dalam cybercrime. Inovasi Pembangunan: Jurnal Kelitbangan, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.35450/jip.v13i03.1324
  20. Mangi, D. D. B., Butro, I., & Memon, T. A. (2025). Artificial intelligence and criminal liability: Reassessing mens rea in the Indonesian and global context. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(2), 2174-2186. https://doi.org/10.59075/cxwpfa06
  21. Mecca, A. S. P., Hidaya, W. A., & Tuasikal, H. (2025). Pemanfaatan teknologi kecerdasan buatan (artificial intelligence) dalam sistem peradilan pidana di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Teknologi, 5(6), 1730-1746. https://doi.org/10.59188/jurnalsostech.v5i6.32207
  22. Musyafah, A. A. (2019). Dasar hukum Islam bersifat normatif di Indonesia. Diponegoro Private Law Review, 3(2).
  23. Nopiansyah, S. R. (2025). Hukum dan Kecerdasan Buatan: Menyongsong Era Baru Dunia Hukum. Penerbit KBM Indonesia.
  24. Saputera, J. A., Naiborhu, M. I., Budiman, E., Widjaja, L., & Sudrajat, M. (2025). Rekonstruksi pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi dalam KUHP nasional: Telaah kritis atas UU No. 1 Tahun 2023 dalam perspektif hukum pidana modern. The Juris, 9(2), 388-394. https://doi.org/10.56301/juris.v9i2.1750
  25. Sattar, S. (2025). The next frontier of cybercrime law for artificial intelligence and criminal liability. International Journal of Law and Policy, 3(8), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.59022/ijlp.355
  26. Setyawan, V. P. (2025). Prospek pengaturan kecerdasan buatan sebagai subjek hukum pidana dan model pertanggungjawabannya. Sultan Adam: Jurnal Hukum dan Sosial, 3(1), 115-122. https://doi.org/10.71456/sultan.v3i1.1214
  27. Sugistiyoko, B. S. E., & Hakim, A. R. (2025). Eksistensi manusia sebagai subjek hukum di era kecerdasan buatan: Kajian hukum dan etika untuk reformasi regulasi di Indonesia. Yustitiabelen, 11(2), 116-138. https://doi.org/10.36563/yustitiabelen.v11i2.1719