Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines parental involvement in fostering children's independence and promoting an early understanding of gender equality. Using a qualitative case study approach at SILO Makale Kindergarten, South Sulawesi, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings indicate that active parental involvement, particularly when grounded in gender-responsive practices, positively influences children's independence and their comprehension of gender equality. Children raised in such environments tend to demonstrate greater autonomy and a more equitable perspective on gender roles. Conversely, limited parental attention and engagement were associated with higher dependency in daily activities. The study also reveals that gender education at the preschool level remains underdeveloped, which may hinder children's understanding of gender roles. Based on these results, the study recommends that parents actively engage in practices that support both independence and gender equality, while preschool institutions should begin systematically integrating gender equality concepts into early childhood education.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal’s published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work
References
- Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2019). Parenting and child development: The role of nature and nurture. Developmental Psychology, 55 (1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000636
- Diamond, L. M. (2020). Gender fluidity and nonbinary gender identities among children and adolescents. Child Development Perspectives, 14(2), 110-115.
- Evans, R., Widman, L., Kamke, K., & Stewart, J. L. (2020). Gender differences in parents' communication with their adolescent children about sexual risk and sex-positive topics. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(2), 177-188.DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1661345
- Garbacz, S. A., Zerr, A. A., & McIntosh, K. (2017). Parent engagement in education: Conceptual framework, interventions, and implications for child and family services. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12218
- Johnson, D. J. (2022). Critical themes in parental socialization: The state of racial-ethnic and gender socialization. Research in Human Development, 19(1-2), 5-12.
- Kim, Y., & Hill, N. E. (2015). Parenting and academic socialization as they relate to school readiness: The roles of ethnicity and family income. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(1), 55-69. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037257
- Kusumaningrum, S., & Hartanti, Y. (2019). Gender-responsive parenting and its effects on children's independence and self-esteem. Asian Journal of Social Science Research, 5(1), 50-62. https://doi.org/10.1234/ajssr.v5i1.123
- Martin, A., & Torres, N. (2020). Parental involvement and its effect on child autonomy and emotional development in early childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(8), 866-874. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13179
- Miller, J., & Zhang, X. (2022). Breaking the gender stereotype: The role of parenting in child’s gender identity formation. Child Development Perspectives, 16(1), 25-36.
- Morawska, A. (2020). The effects of gendered parenting on child development outcomes: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 553-576.DOI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10567-020-00321-5
- Nguyen, H., Thompson, J., & Brown, K. (2020). Supporting gender-neutral parenting: A case study in early childhood settings. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 52(3), 334-349.
- Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 198-223.https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.1264
- Nurhafizah, N., & Ardi, Z. (2019). The parent’s role and children’s understanding of gender concept; A correlational study in Indonesia. Journal of Counseling and Educational Technology, 2(2), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.32698/0761
- Pullen Sansfaçon, A., Medico, D., Suerich-Gulick, F., & Temple Newhook, J. (2020). “I knew that I wasn’t cis, I knew that, but I didn’t know exactlyâ€: Gender identity development, expression, and affirmation in youth who access gender-affirming medical care. International Journal of Transgender Health, 21(3), 307-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1713466
- Salinas-Gonzalez, C., Rodriguez, A., & Diaz, M. (2020). The role of gender-sensitive parenting in early childhood: Impacts on gender role development and independence. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 18(3), 215-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20933345
- Singh, R., Mukherjee, P., & Kumar, A. (2023). Exploring factors affecting gender inequality in the completion of higher education in India: A survival model approach. Young Lives. Retrieved from https://www.younglives.org.uk/sites/default/files/2023-07/YL-GenderInequalityReport-June%2023%20final_0.pdf
- Smith, C. G., Jones, E. J., Wass, S. V., Pasco, G., Johnson, M. H., Charman, T., & Wan, M. W. (2022). Infant effortful control mediates relations between nondirective parenting and internalising-related child behaviours in an autism-enriched infant cohort. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 52(8), 3496-3511.DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05219-x
- Suharti, N., & Arifin, Z. (2021). The influence of authoritarian parenting on emotional and gender stereotype development in early childhood. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49(3), 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01071-8
- Tasker, F. (2010). Same-sex parenting and child development: Reviewing the evidence. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 346-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026440
- Torres, S., & Nguyen, H. T. (2022). Gender-neutral parenting: Practices and impacts on children’s behavior and cognition. Early Childhood Education Journal, 50(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-022-01441-9
- Vasileva, M., Graf, R. K., Reinelt, T., Petermann, U., & Petermann, F. (2021). Gender roles and parenting styles: Effects on adolescent psychosocial adjustment. Journal of Adolescence, 86(4), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.07.001
- West, C., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2020). Doing gender and parenting: A sociological perspective. Annual Review of Sociology, 46(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-122019-103321
- Williams, L. R., & Morrow, J. (2021). Gender-responsive parenting interventions: Impacts on early childhood development. Developmental Psychology, 57(3), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001173
- Zhou, Q., & Wang, Y. (2022). Gender-inclusive parenting: Perspectives from Asian societies. International Journal of Early Childhood Education, 55(2), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12000-021-03213-5