Main Article Content
Abstract
Anticipation of economic uncertainty needs to be done to avoid the brink of crisis by maintaining the pace of economic growth, investment and savings climate as well as smooth international trade. This study aims to analyze and explore the dynamic relationship interaction between economic growth variables projected as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), investment, gross domestic savings and international trade of the Indonesian state with data in the period 1971-2020 obtained from the worldbank.org website. The research method uses the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis model with the development of Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VDC) analysis to explain the response of a variable to the shock of the variable itself and other variables. The results of the analysis revealed that the one-way relationship for the variables of investing, saving, and trading was influenced by the variable itself with a lag of one. In addition, the results of IRF analysis show that the variable response of economic growth, investment, savings and international trade is dominated by shocks to economic growth variables, and the results of VDC analysis show that economic growth variables most contribute to the variable response of economic growth itself, investment, savings and international trade. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the formulation of anticipatory policies by the government and Bank Indonesia in preventing the risk of economic crisis by maintaining macroeconomic variable stability so that the level of domestic market confidence is maintained in the outlook. Therefore, the policy stages that can be carried out are to control inflation, reduce the current account deficit, maintain fiscal balance and improve in managing foreign debt.
Keywords
Article Details
References
- AbuAl-Foul, B. (2010). The Causal Relation between Savings and Economic Growth: Some Evidence from MENA Countries. Topics in Middle Eastern and African Economies, 1–12.
- Abugamea, G. H. (2019). The Nexus Of Trade, Employment And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Palestine. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 97100. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/97100/
- Akadiri, A. C., Gungor, H., Akadiri, S. S., & Bamideleâ€Sadiq, M. (2020). Is the causal relation between foreign direct investment, trade, and economic growth complement or substitute? The case of African countries. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2023
- Alam, K. J., & Sumon, K. K. (2020). CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRADE OPENNESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF ASIAN COUNTRIES. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 10(1), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.8657
- Andersson, B. (1999). On the Causality Between Saving and Growth: Long- and Short-Run Dynamics and Country Heterogeneity. Econstor, 1–29.
- Bajo-Rubio, O. (2001). Foreign Direct Investment and Trade: A Causality Analysis. Open Economies Review, 12, 305–323.
- Bakari, S. (2018). Does Domestic Investment Produce Economic Growth in Canada: Empirical Analysis Based on Correlation, Cointegration and Causality. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 05(01), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.9756/IAJSE/V5I1/1810006
- Barro, R. J., & Salai-i-Martin, X. (1995). Economic growth. McGraw-Hill.
- Chakrabarti, A. (2006). The saving–investment relationship revisited: New evidence from multivariate heterogeneous panel cointegration analyses. Journal of Comparative Economics, 34(2), 402–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2006.02.001
- Dankyi, A. B., Abban, O. J., Yusheng, K., & Coulibaly, T. P. (2022). Human capital, foreign direct investment, and economic growth: Evidence from ECOWAS in a decomposed income level panel. Environmental Challenges, 9, 100602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100602
- Äidelija, I. (2021). The Causal Link Between Savings and Economic Growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 16(2), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2021-0018
- Dritsaki, M., Dritsaki, C., & Adamopoulos, A. (2004). A Causal Relationship between Trade, Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Greece.
- Eslamloueyan, K., & Jafari, M. (2010). Capital mobility, openness, and saving-investment relationship in Asia. Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1246–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.02.007
- Fatiha, I., & Masih, M. (2017). Causal relationship between FDI, trade, economic growth and exchange rate: Malaysian evidence. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/108485/
- Firdaus, M. (2019). Aplikasi Ekonometrika Untuk Data panel dan Time Series. IPB Press.
- Gries, T., & Redlin, M. (2020). Trade and economic development: Global causality and development- and openness-related heterogeneity. International Economics and Economic Policy, 17(4), 923–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-020-00467-1
- Hasan, T. I. B., & Fitra, F. (2013). Pengaruh Investasi Dalam Negeri Dan Jumlah Uang Beredar Terhadap Pdb Indonesia. 3(1).
- Herdianto, M. M. (2021). Bukti Dari Satu Dekade Terakhir. 2.
- Irandoust, M. (2019). Saving and investment causality: Implications for financial integration in transition countries of Eastern Europe. International Economics and Economic Policy, 16(2), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-017-0390-6
- Ismail, A. G., & Harjito, D. A. (2009). Exports and Economic Growth: The Causality Test for ASEAN Countries. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.20885/ejem.v8i2.629
- Jangili, R. (2011). Causal Relationship between Saving, Investment and Economic Growth for India – What does the Relation Imply? Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
- Jhingan, M. L. (2016). Ekonomi Pembangunan Dan Perencanaan. Rajawali Pres.
- Jiranyakul, K. (2014). Temporal Causal Relationship between Stock Market Capitalization, Trade Openness and Real GDP: Evidence from Thailand. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2518354
- Juliansyah, H., Ganesha, Y., Ichsan, I., Nailufar, F., & Terfiadi, S. Y. (2022). Effect Of Export Import And Investment On Economic Growth In Indonesia (Vecm Analysis Method). Journal of Malikussaleh Public Economics, 5(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.29103/jmpe.v5i1.8153
- Kalaitzi, A. S. (2018). The Causal Effects of Trade and Technology Transfer on Human Capital and Economic Growth in the United Arab Emirates. Sustainability, 10(5), 1535. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051535
- Karahan, Ö. (2018). The Causal Relation Between Savings and Economic Growth in Turkey. In S. Roukanas, P. Polychronidou, & A. Karasavvoglou (Eds.), The Political Economy of Development in Southeastern Europe (pp. 127–139). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93452-5_8
- Kurniawan. (2019). Analisis Data Menggunakan Stata Se 14 (Panduan Analisis, Langkah Lebih Cepat, Lebih Mudaqh Dan Lebih Praktis). Deepublish. https://www.freepik.com//
- Liu, X. (2009). Trade and Income Convergence: Sorting Out the Causality. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 18(1), 1–34.
- Makuria, A. G. (2015). Domestic savings and economic growth.
- Mehanna, R.-A. (2011). The Temporal Causality Between Investment And Growth In Developing Economies. Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 1(3). https://doi.org/10.19030/jber.v1i3.2989
- Melitz, M. J., & Ottaviano, G. (2008). Market size, trade, and productivity. Review of Economic Studies, 75(1), 295–316.
- Nguena, C. L. (2011). Heterogeneity Of Saving-Investment Causality And Fiscal Coordination Implication: The Case Of An African Monetary Union. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 49411, 1–20.
- Nupehewa, S., Liyanage, S., Polkotuwa, D., Thiyagarajah, M., Jayathilaka, R., & Lokeshwara, A. (2022). More than just investment: Causality analysis between foreign direct investment and economic growth. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0276621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276621
- Otoo, H., Appiah, S. T., Buabeng, A., & Apodei, M. (2020). Testing Causality and Cointegration of Savings and Investment In Ghana. European Journal of Engineering Research and Science, 5(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.2.1734
- Rahman, M. M., Saidi, K., & Mbarek, M. B. (2020). Economic growth in South Asia: The role of CO2 emissions, population density and trade openness. Heliyon, 6(5), e03903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03903
- Rani, R., & Kumar, N. (2019). On the Causal Dynamics Between Economic Growth, Trade Openness and Gross Capital Formation: Evidence from BRICS Countries. Global Business Review, 20(3), 795–812. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150919837079
- Saimul, S., & Darmawan, A. (2020). Understanding Causality Relation among FDI, Foreign Trade and Economic Growth. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 9(4), 414–426. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v9i4.39044
- Saltz, I. S. (1999). An examination of the causal relationship between savings and growth in the third world. Journal of Economics and Finance, 23(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02752690
- Sekine, T. (2022). Looking from Gross Domestic Income: Alternative view of Japan’s economy. Japan and the World Economy, 64, 101159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2022.101159
- Shahbaz, M. (2012). Does trade openness affect long run growth? Cointegration, causality and forecast error variance decomposition tests for Pakistan. Economic Modelling, 29(6), 2325–2339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.07.015
- Suhel. (2008). Analisis Model Vector Auto Regression (Var) Terhadap Hubungan Antara Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Dengan Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan Journal of Economic & Development, 6(2), 96–113.
- Sukirno, S. (2000). Makro Ekonomi Modern. PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.
- Tan, B. W., & Tang, C. F. (2011). The Dynamic Relationship Between Private Domestic Investment, The User Cost Of Capital, And Economic Growth In Malaysia. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
- Tan, B. W., & Tang, C. F. (2016). Examining the Causal Linkages among Domestic Investment, FDI, Trade, Interest Rate and Economic Growth in ASEAN-5 Countries. 6(1).
- Tang, C. F. (2010). Savings-Led Growth Theories: A Time Series Analysis For Malaysia Using The Bootstrapping And Time-Varying Causality Techniques.
- Wardhono, A. (2019). Analisis Data Time Series Dalam Model Makro Ekonomi. CV Pustaka Abadi.
- Yuni, R. (2021). Dampak Perdagangan Internasional Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Pada Tahun 2009-2019. NIAGAWAN, 10(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.24114/niaga.v10i1.19193
- Yustika, E. (2012). Ekonomi Kelembagaan (1st ed.). Erlangga.
- Zangeneh, H. (2006). Dependency, Interdependency, And Economic Development: A Third World Catch 22? Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 26806, 1–6.
- Zhang, X., Hang, J., & Liu, X. (2017). Multi-scale causality between saving and growth: Evidence from China. Applied Economics Letters, 24(11), 790–794. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2016.1229403