Article Sidebar

Submitted
Jun 16, 2025
Published
Jun 16, 2025
Download
Pdf
Statistic
Read Counter : 63 Download : 5

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Main Article Content

Abstract

This study investigates Indonesia’s absence of a comprehensive surrogacy framework, a gap that leaves surrogate mothers and children in legal limbo and social precarity. By contrast, Iran authorizes surrogacy through Shia jurisprudence and enforceable contracts, while India governs the practice via the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021, allowing only altruistic arrangements and banning commercial transactions. Using normative legal research and a comparative approach, the analysis synthesizes statutory provisions, religious edicts, and judicial precedents and evaluates enforcement mechanisms alongside socio-ethical implications across the three systems within diverse cultural, religious, and regulatory environments and illustrates divergent policy rationales. Findings show that Indonesia’s outright prohibition, unaccompanied by detailed implementing rules, denies parties any legal protection, whereas Iran and India offer more structured, coherent safeguards. The study therefore urges Indonesia to draft a rights-based, culturally responsive regulatory framework that harmonizes domestic values with international human rights standards. Such legislation is essential to secure legal certainty, uphold ethical principles, encourage transparent medical practice, and protect the most vulnerable actors, especially surrogate mothers and the children born through surrogacy arrangements.

Keywords

Surrogacy Legal protection Children’s right Family law

Article Details

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Author Biography

Dewa Gede Dedy Farendra, Universitas Pendidikan Nasional, Indonesia

 

 

How to Cite
Farendra, D. G. D., & Mahadewi, K. J. (2025). Surrogacy Laws in Indonesia, Iran, and India: A Comparative Analysis of Legal Protections for Surrogate Mothers and Children. Al-Qadha : Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Perundang-Undangan, 12(1), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.32505/qadha.v12i1.11650

References

  1. Al-Billeh, Tareq, Ali Al-Hammouri, Tawfiq Khashashneh, Mohammad Al Makhmari, and Hamad Al Kalbani. “Digital Evidence in Human Rights Violations and International Criminal Justice.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 3 (2024): 842–71. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i3.446.
  2. Althabhawi, Nabeel Mahdi, Zinatul Ashiqin Zainol, and Parviz Bagheri. “Society 5.0: A New Challenge to Legal Norms.” Sriwijaya Law Review 6, no. 1 (2022): 41–54. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol6.Iss1.1415.pp41-54.
  3. Anbari, Saber Ghol. “Commercial Surrogacy in Iran: A Growing Phenomenon.” The New Arab, 2021. https://www.newarab.com/features/commercial-surrogacy-iran-growing-phenomenon.
  4. Andra Triyudiana, Neneng Putri Siti Nurhayati. “Penerapan Prinsip Keadilan Sebagai Fairness Menurut John Rawls Di Indonesia Sebagai Perwujudan Dari Pancasila.” Das Sollen: Jurnal Kajian Kontemporer Hukum Dan Masyarakat 02, no. 01 (2023): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.11111
  5. Andreas, Tonny, Dominikus Rato, and Y.A. Triana Ohoiwutun. “Sumbangsih Roscoe Pound Terhadap Perkembangan Ilmu Hukum Sosiologis.” Jurnal Supremasi 12, no. 013 (March 11, 2025): 135–47. https://doi.org/10.35457/supremasi.v15i1.3968.
  6. Annisa, Bunga, Ahmad Syafi’i SJ, and Diyan Putri Ayu. “Analisis Hukum Nafkah Anak Hasil Sewa Rahim Menurut Ulama Mazhab.” Social Science Academic 1, no. 1 (2023): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.37680/ssa.v1i1.2630.
  7. Bediona, Kornelis Antonius Ada, Muhamad Rafly Falah Herliansyah, Randi Hilman Nurjaman, and Dzulfikri Syarifuddin. “Analisis Teori Perlindungan Hukum Menurut Philipus M Hadjon Dalam Kaitannya Dengan Pemberian Hukuman Kebiri Terhadap Pelaku Kejahatan Seksual.” Das Sollen: Jurnal Kajian Kontemporer Hukum Dan Masyarakat 2, no. 01 (2024): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.11111
  8. Desriza Ratman. Surrogate Mother Dalam Perspektif Etika Dan Hukum. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2012.
  9. Dinda, Made, Saskara Putri, and Marzyadiva Camila Mashudi. “Komparasi Praktik Sewa Rahim Di Indonesia Dan Iran Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata Dan Hukum Islam.” Ranah Research: Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 7, no. 4 (2025): 2424–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38035/rrj.v7i4.
  10. Erlina, F. “Pengaruh Agama Terhadap Konstitusi: Studi Komparasi Lembaga Konstitusi Negara Iran Dan Indonesia.” Jos.Unsoed. Ac.Id 3, no. 2 (2021): 167–82. http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/matan/article/download/4599/2532.
  11. Gisymar, Najib A, Agung Cucu Purnawirawan, Sarifa Suhra, and Pascasarjana Iain Bone. "Pandora ' 's Box in Surrogacy?: The Paradox of Legal Altruism and the Threat of Human Trafficking.” LEGAL BRIEF 14, no. 1 (2025): 34–40.
  12. Haddadi, Mohammad, Sedigheh Hantoushzadeh, Parisa Hajari, Roya Rashid Pouraie, Mir Yasha Hadiani, Gholam Reza Habibi, Nasim Eshraghi, and Marjan Ghaemi. “Challenges and Prospects for Surrogacy in Iran as a Pioneer Islamic Country in This Field.” Archives of Iranian Medicine 28, no. 4 (2025): 252–54. https://doi.org/10.34172/aim.33920.
  13. Hasibuan, Putra Halomoan, and Sumper Mulia Harahap. “Islam, Adat, and State: Examining the Phenomenon of Child Custody After Divorce in Padang Lawas Regency.” Al-Qadha: Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Perundang-Undangan 11, no. 2 (2024): 192–206.
  14. Hibino, Yuri. “The Advantages and Disadvantages of Altruistic and Commercial Surrogacy in India.” Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 18, no. 1 (2023): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13010-023-00130-y.
  15. Khairunnisa. “Analisis Hukum Terhadap Perjanjian Sewa Rahim Ditinjau Berdasarkan Perspektif Hukum Perdata Indonesia.” Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa (JIM-FH) 19, no. 5 (2024): 1–23.
  16. Kohar, Fiona Priscilla, and Yetty Komalasari Dewi. “Abuse of Rights by Majority Shareholders in Indonesian Family-Owned Company: Is It Likely?” Sriwijaya Law Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 29–41. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol5.Iss1.603.pp29-41.
  17. Mahadewi, Kadek, I Wayan Rideng, and Ida Ayu Putu Widiati. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak Sebagai Pelaku Tindak Pidana Dari Perspektif Kemerdekaan Pers.” Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum 2, no. 2 (2021): 233–37. https://doi.org/10.22225/jkh.2.2.3212.233-237.
  18. Maulida Salma, Soesi Idayanti, Kanti Rahayu. Surrogate Mother Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata Indonesia. Edited by Tiyas Vika Widyastuti. 1st ed. Semarang: PT Nasya Expanding Management, 2024.
  19. Narayan, Gaurang, Hara Prasad Mishra, Tarun Kumar Suvvari, Ishika Mahajan, Mrinal Patnaik, Sahil Kumar, Nidhal A Amanullah, and Smruti Sikta Mishra. “The Surrogacy Regulation Act of 2021: A Right Step Towards an Egalitarian and Inclusive Society?” Cureus 15, no. 4 (2023): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.37864.
  20. Oktoviana Ustien, Dewi, and Umar Marhum. “Perspektif Hukum Terhadap Suatu Perjanjian.” Lakidende Law Review 1, no. 2 (2022): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.47353/delarev.v1i2.11.
  21. Pokhrel, Sakinah. Regional Strategic Framework For Accelerating Universal Access To Sexual And Reproductive Health In The WHO South-East Asia Region 2020–2024. Vol. 15. World Health Organization, 2020. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/334229.
  22. Putra, Ridwan Abdullah, Alfarisi Syukron Lillah, Asiyah Taqiyya, and Fakhrur Razi. “Infertilitas , Teknologi Reproduksi Berbantu , Dan Penggunaan Kecerdasan Buatan?: Suatu Tinjauan Etika Kedokteran.” Jurnal Etika Kedokteran Indonesia 9, no. 1 (2025): 23–28. https://doi.org/10.26880/jeki.v9i1.87.
  23. Putri, Niken Amalya, and Mahlil Adriaman. “Tinjauan Yuridis Perjanjian Sewa Rahim Dilihat Dari Perspektif Hukum Perdata Di Indonesia.” Sakato Law Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 84.
  24. Rifa’i, Iman Jalaludin. Merupakan Jenis Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Edited by Anik Iftitah. Serang: Sada Kurnia Pustaka, 2023.
  25. Rosanti, Desy, Mahasiswa Fakultas, Hukum Universitas, Sebelas Maret, Anjar Sri, Ciptorukmi Nugraheni, Dosen Fakultas, Hukum Universitas, and Sebelas Maret. “Pengaturan Pelaksanaan Sewa Rahim (Surrogacy) Berdasarkan Hukum Di Indonesia.” Privat Law 9, no. 1 (2021): 6–11.
  26. Santosa, I Gede Taruna, Fakultas Hukum, and Universitas Udayana. “Keabsahan Perjanjian Sewa Rahim (Surrogacy) Dalam Perspektif Hukum Positif Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Kertha Semaya 13, no. 03 (2025): 360–71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24843/KS.2025.v13.i03.p06.
  27. Sasongko, Bayu, Sulis Mariyanti, and M Safitri. “Hubungan Dukungan Sosial Dengan Resiliensi Pada Perempuan Yang Mengalami Infertilitas.” JCA Psikologi 1 (2020): 114–23.
  28. Shidarta. “In Search of Scholten’s Legacy: The Meaning of the Method of Rechtsvinding for the Current Indonesian Legal Discourse.” In Search of Scholten’s Legacy DPSP Annua (December 1, 2020): 197–237.
  29. Siregar, Rospita Adelina. Hukum Kesehatan Jilid II. Edited by Ani Wijayati. II. Jakarta: UKI PRESS, 2021.
  30. Sudharma, Kadek Januarsa, Ida Artami, and Baby Rachella. “Tinjauan Yuridis Perlindungan Hukum Hak Cuti Haid Dalam Undang-Undang No. 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang Ketenagakerjaan.” Vyavahara Duta 16 (March 31, 2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.25078/vd.v16i1.2068.
  31. Syahlan. “Effective and Efficient Synchronization in Harmonization of Regulations Indonesia.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 1, no. 1 (2021): 54–71. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v1i1.7.
  32. Taufiqurrohman, A. H.Asari, Dwi Edi Wibowo, and Ong Victoria. “The Regulation on Sexual Harassment in ASEAN Workers: Evidence from Several Countries.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 2 (2024): 538–68. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.198.
  33. Utami, Nurani Ajeng Tri, Agus Raharjo, Kuat Puji Prayitno, Setya Wahyudi, Rahadi Wasi Bintoro, and Noorfajri Ismail. “Evaluation of Legal Aid Service Quality and Supervision in Indonesia and Malaysia.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 5, no. 1 (2025): 187–216. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.502.
  34. Vorty, Vicky Chrisna, and Kartika Dewi Irianto. “Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Para Pihak Dalam Perjanjian Sewa Rahim ( Surrogate Mother ) Ditinjau Dari Perspektif Hukum Positif.” INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research 5 (2025): 1129–42.
  35. Wulandari, Wahyuni Retno, and Nadzriah Ahmad. The Influence of Women’s Leadership Policy on Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Age. Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System. Vol. 5, 2025. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v5i1.503.
  36. Yulia Putri, Cindy, and Sulhi M. Daud Abdul Kadir. “Perspektif Hukum Islam Terhadap Anak Yang Dilahirkan Melalui Ibu Pengganti (Surrogate Mother).” Zaaken: Journal of Civil and Business Law 4, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 258–72. https://doi.org/10.22437/zaaken.v4i2.26051.
  37. Zaidah, Yusna, and Raihanah Abdullah. “The Relevance of Ihdad Regulations as a Sign of Mourning and Human Rights Restriction.” Journal of Human Rights, Culture and Legal System 4, no. 2 (2024): 422–48. https://doi.org/10.53955/jhcls.v4i2.229.